Methanol Utilisation Technologies

Bertau, Martin; Wernicke, Hans Jürgen; Schmidt, Friedrich; Standt, Ulrich-Dieter; Seyfried, Frank; Buchholz, Stefan; Busch, Gereon; Winterberg, Markus; Reichelt, Lydia; Pätzold, Carsten; Pohl, Sven; Plass, Ludolf; Roes, J.; Steffen, Michael; Sandstede, G.; Heinzel, Angelika; Hippmann, Sebastian; Holtmann, Dirk; Sonntag, Frank; Veith, Thomas; Schrader, Jens

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39709-7_6

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The processes therefore benefit from higher pressures and lower temperatures, which increase the costs . The main examples of this technology include the physical-solvent-based Rectisol and Selexol processes . These processes are complex and present a high investment cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Desulfurization of Biomass Syngas Using ZnO-Based Adsorbents: Long-Term Hydrogen Sulfide Breakthrough Experiments

et al. 2020

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Dry-bed adsorptive desulfurization of biomass-based syngas with low to medium sulfur content using ZnO was investigated as an alternative to the conventional wet scrubbing processes. The technical feasibility of ZnO-based desulfurization was studied in laboratory-scale H2S breakthrough experiments. The experiments were set up to utilize realistic H2S concentrations from gasification and therefore long breakthrough times. Experiments were performed in a steam-rich model biosyngas in varying conditions. The long-term breakthrough experiments showed apparent ZnO utilization rates between 10 and 50% in the tested conditions, indicating intraparticle mass-transfer resistances partly due to space velocity and particle size constraints as well as the most likely product-layer resistances as evidenced by the large spent adsorbent surface area decrease. An empirical deactivation model to estimate full breakthrough curves was fitted to the laboratory-scale experimental data. Breakthrough experiment in tar-rich syngas was also performed with the conclusion that ZnO performance is not significantly affected by hydrocarbons despite carbon deposition on the particle surfaces.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Desulfurization of Biomass Syngas Using ZnO-Based Adsorbents: Long-Term Hydrogen Sulfide Breakthrough Experiments

et al. 2020

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“…A less complex and lower-cost separation process may be feasible in the H-DR context, lowering the overall costs of the NH3 dehydrogenation plant. For the other carriers, separation is more straightforward, either via simple condensation (H18-DBT/DBT), or PSA (MeOH) [98,116]. In terms of dehydrogenation, MeOH appears to be the lowest investment cost option by a significant margin.…”

Section: Dehydrogenation Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Liquid Hydrogen Carriers in Hydrogen Steelmaking

Andersson

2021

Energies

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Steelmaking is responsible for approximately one third of total industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Hydrogen (H2) direct reduction (H-DR) may be a feasible route towards the decarbonization of primary steelmaking if H2 is produced via electrolysis using fossil-free electricity. However, electrolysis is an electricity-intensive process. Therefore, it is preferable that H2 is predominantly produced during times of low electricity prices, which is enabled by storage of H2. This work compares the integration of H2 storage in four liquid carriers, methanol (MeOH), formic acid (FA), ammonia (NH3) and perhydro-dibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT), in H-DR processes. In contrast to conventional H2 storage methods, these carriers allow for H2 storage in liquid form at ambient moderate overpressures, reducing the storage capacity cost. The main downside to liquid H2 carriers is that thermochemical processes are necessary for both the storage and release processes, often with significant investment and operational costs. The carriers are compared using thermodynamic and economic data to estimate operational and capital costs in the H-DR context considering process integration options. It is concluded that the use of MeOH is promising compared to both the other considered carriers. For large storage volumes, MeOH-based H2 storage may also be an attractive option for the underground storage of compressed H2. The other considered liquid H2 carriers suffer from large thermodynamic barriers for hydrogenation (FA) or dehydrogenation (NH3, H18-DBT) and higher investment costs. However, for the use of MeOH in an H-DR process to be practically feasible, questions regarding process flexibility and the optimal sourcing of CO2 and heat must be answered.

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“…MeOH production is attractive due to its large market size (37 billion USD in 2020), ease of storage, transportation, and its versatility to be converted into olefins or use as a fuel. [20][21][22] In order to harvest solar power, we consider harvesting sunlight via concentrated PV (CPV) cells. While silicon-based PV cells dominate the market with ~ 95%…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects of Sunlight Driven Air-to-Methanol Synthesis via CO2 Electrolysis

Adnan¹,

Khan²,

Ajayan³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The race to save planet earth has led to significant advancement in technologies for harvesting renewable energy, carbon capture and conversion. Futures scenarios are being envisioned where CO2 is captured from air and converted to valuable fuels and chemicals, with methanol (MeOH) being the most coveted product. Here we assess two potential air-to-MeOH pathways that harvest solar power via concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) cells for direct air capture (DAC) of CO2 and subsequent conversion to MeOH by exploiting CO2 electrolysis. Specifically, we perform techno-economic and life-cycle analysis on single-step (direct CO2-to-MeOH electrolysis) and three-step (integration of H2O electrolysis, CO2-to-CO electrolysis, and hydrogenation reactor) air-to-MeOH routes. Our results indicate that in current scenario, the envisioned air-to-MeOH routes are not economically and environmentally compelling with high levelized costs of MeOH ~1180–1730 $/tonMeOH and CO2 emissions of ~2.29–2.69 /tonMeOH. Using sensitivity analysis, we reveal targets for CPV capital cost ($290/kW), DAC capital cost ($375/(ton-CO2/year)), and electricity emission intensity (<275 kg-CO2/MWh) which will make the three-step route commercially and environmentally viable as a near-term technology. In contrast, direct CO2-to-MeOH electrolysis will need drastic performance improvement to be economically competitive, with required current densities >300 mA/cm2, energy efficiency >45% and stack stability >2 years. We hope this study will garner the key stakeholders to advance discussions about the cost and potential of this envisioned air-to-fuel technology.

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Methanol Utilisation Technologies

Cited by 10 publications

References 5 publications

Desulfurization of Biomass Syngas Using ZnO-Based Adsorbents: Long-Term Hydrogen Sulfide Breakthrough Experiments

Desulfurization of Biomass Syngas Using ZnO-Based Adsorbents: Long-Term Hydrogen Sulfide Breakthrough Experiments

Application of Liquid Hydrogen Carriers in Hydrogen Steelmaking

Prospects of Sunlight Driven Air-to-Methanol Synthesis via CO2 Electrolysis

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