Methanol extract of the aerial parts of barley (Hordeum vulgare) suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responsesin vitroandin vivo

Abstract

Context: Recently, there has been renewed interest in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Poaceae) as a functional food and for its medicinal properties. Objective: This study examines the anti-inflammatory potential of the active fractions of barley and the mechanisms involved. Materials and methods: The macrophages were exposed to 100 mg/mL of each of the barley extracts in the presence of 1 mg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and after 24 or 48 h of incubation, cells or culture supernatants were analyzed by various assays. The anti-inflammatory potential of barley fractions was also investigated using the LPS-injected septic mouse model. The active constituents in the fractions were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: The active fractions, named F 4 , F 7 , F 9 and F 12 , inhibited almost completely the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthase. Pre-treatment with these fractions at 100 mg/mL diminished the tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) levels to 19.8, 3.5, 1.2 and 1.7 ng/mL, respectively, compared to LPS treatment alone (41.5 ng/mL). These fractions at 100 mg/mL also suppressed apparently the secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1b and the DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-kB in LPS-stimulated cells. Mice injected intraperitoneally with LPS (30 mg/kg BW) showed 20% survival at 48 h after injection, whereas oral administration of the fractions improved the survival rates to 80%. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of the derivatives of benzoic and cinnamic acids and fatty acids in the fractions. Discussion and conclusion: The aerial parts of barley are useful as functional food to prevent acute inflammatory responses.

Barley grass extract causes apoptosis of cancer cells by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species production

“…Accordingly, Bex inhibited atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice by altering the expression levels of cytokines (26). Similarly, Bex repressed lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation (27). Furthermore, its effect in type 2 diabetes was revealed in a genetically engineered mouse model and patients (28,29).…”

Multiple pathways are responsible for Anti-inflammatory and Cardiovascular activities of Hordeum vulgare L.

“…Anti-apoptotic activity of the HV has been reported and is attributed to the presence of 3,4 dehydroxybenzaldehyde, which protects from DNA damage [ 4 ]. Lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation is also inhibited by methanolic extract of the aerial parts of HV, both in vitro and in vivo [ 5 ]. Barley or HV is also used to treat a number of diseases in traditional Ayurvedic system of medicine in India, especially in the treatment of urinary stones [ 6 ].…”

A Phenolic Acid and Flavonoid Fraction Isolated from Lolium multiflorum Lam. Prevents d-Galactosamine-Induced Liver Damages through the Augmentation of Nrf2 Expression

“…These potentials of the IRG extract were closely associated with its higher contents of phenolic acids and flavonoidic compounds compared with those of other dietary plants [10]. We subsequently separated total 16 fractions from the IRG chloroform extract according to the methods described previously [11,12] and found that 7th fraction, named PAFF, showed greater antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities than other fractions. We recently found that catechin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, pcoumaric acid, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol are the primary components in the PAFF through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis [13].…”

“…The IRG sample was authenticated by a taxonomist at NIAS, harvested at the flowering stage without the root, and ensiled. Procedures for collection, dryness, and pulverization of IRG silages were described in previous reports [10][11][12]. The methods to isolate PAFF from the IRG chloroform-soluble extract and to identify the components of PAFF by HPLC were described elsewhere [13].…”