Repeated intermittent exposure to stimulants progressively increases a drug's effect, with stressors capable of producing cross-sensitization to stimulants. Studies examining such sensitization during development are few, however, with results mixed. In Experiment 1, juvenile (P22) and adult (P64) female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered (daily for 4 days) 1.5 mg/kg or 3.0 mg/kg amphetamine (1.5A and 3.0A groups), or saline (SAL group). In a second experiment, rats were exposed to either repeated restraint (60 min/day for 4 days; RS group) or were left non-manipulated in the home cage (NM group). Animals from both experiments were then challenged with 1.5 mg/ kg of amphetamine and sensitization assessed via locomotion and stereotypy after a 2-day and 3-wk washout period. When compared to SAL animals, 3.0A juveniles and adults exhibited evidence of locomotor sensitization 2 days post-drug exposure, but this sensitization did not persist to the 3-week challenge. Compared to NM animals, RS animals showed stress-induced locomotor sensitization both 2 days and 3 weeks post-stress exposure, regardless of age. These results demonstrate that repeated drug/stress exposures prior to stimulant challenge are sufficient to induce behavioral sensitization among both juveniles and adults, with these effects particularly long-lasting following repeated stressor exposure.
Keywordsjuvenile; adult; rat; restraint; amphetamine; behavioral sensitization; locomotor sensitization; stereotypy Behavioral sensitization is defined as a progressive increase in the behavioral response to a drug following repeated administration (for review, see Robinson and Becker, 1986;Robinson and Berridge, 1993), and is evident following exposure to stimulants such as amphetamine (Battisti et al., 1999;Robinson et al., 1998; for review see Robinson and Becker, 1986) and cocaine (Erb and Brown, 2006;Frantz et al., 2007;Laviola et al., 1995), as well as other drugs such as ethanol (Cunningham and Noble, 1992;Masur and Boerngen, 1980;Masur et al., 1986) and nicotine (Benwell and Balfour, 1992;Kita et al., 1992). Sensitization has been argued to be an important contributor to the development of drug addiction (Robinson and Berridge, Address Correspondence to: Dr. Linda Spear, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University PO Box 6000, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, lspear@binghamton.edu, Phone: 607-777-2825, Fax: 607-777-6418. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. 1993). Locomotor sensitization in particular has been associated with alterations in neural reward substra...