Methamphetamine's effect on repeated acquisitions with serial discrimination reversals

Calhoun, William H.; Jones, Elisabeth A.

doi:10.1007/bf00422969

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In contrast, the drug dramatically facilitated reversal learning. The latter result agrees with findings of Calhoun and Jones (1974), Kulig and Calhoun (1972) and Weiner et al (1986). Reversal learning is assumed to involve two processes: 1) extinction of the original discriminative response, as indicated by the number of trials on which animals continue to select the former S ÷ at the outset of reversal; and 2) the acquisition of the new discriminative response, reflected in rapidity of the animals in shifting their choices to the new S + as reversal continues.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

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Reversal and nonreversal shifts under amphetamine

Weiner

Feldon

1986

Psychopharmacology

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Rats were trained in a Y maze on a two-choice simultaneous brightness discrimination with light as S+ and dark as S- (position irrelevant). Half of the animals were then switched to reversal, where the reinforcement contingencies of the original training were reversed, and the other half were switched to nonreversal, in which they learned a simultaneous right-left discrimination. Nonreversal was acquired faster than reversal in saline injected animals. The administration of 1 mg/kg d-amphetamine did not affect the acquisition of the initial brightness discrimination and of nonreversal. In contrast, the drug facilitated dramatically reversal learning. The results indicate that amphetamine enhances the attention to, or the associability of, the discriminative stimuli, leading to rapid learning to these stimuli under changed contingencies of reinforcement.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…In nonreversal shift the irrelevant stimuli of the initial training become relevant. Kulig and Calhoun (1972) and Calhoun and Jones (1974) reported that reversal learning was facilitated by amphetamine. In contrast, Ridley et al (1981 a, b) found that amphetamine disrupted reversal learning.…”

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confidence: 99%

Reversal and nonreversal shifts under amphetamine

Weiner

Feldon

1986

Psychopharmacology

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“…We also compared the effects of NALT with those of d-amphetamine (AMP), because of AMP's ability to facilitate task Performance on humans in attention-loading tasks at low doses (Barkley 1977;Wender et al 1981 ;Jaffe 1985), while disrupting attention at high doses (Griffith et al 1970). Similarly, in rodents AMP tends to facilitate discrimination task performance at low doses (in the order of 0.5 mg/kg) while disrupting task performance at higher doses (in the order of 1-3 mg/kg) (Calhoun and Jones 1974;Laties et al 1981 ;Evenden and Robbins 1985). However, factors such as task complexity, level of training, and compatability of the task requirements and AMP-induced behaviors appear to be important in determining whether or not AMP facilitates or disrupts discrimination performance (Ksir 1975;Ksir and Slifer 1982;Koek and Slangen 1983;Robbins and Sahakian 1983).…”

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confidence: 96%

Effects of naltrexone, andd-amphetamine, and their interaction on the stimulus control of choice behavior of rats

Grilly

Gowans

1988

Psychopharmacology

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The hypothesis that endogenous opioid peptides modulate attentional processes was tested. The effects of the opioid antagonist naltrexone (NALT), d-amphetamine (AMP), and their interaction were investigated in rats trained in a two-choice task in which the position of a short-duration light served as a cue for food-reinforced responses. NALT (0.25, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg) produced no significant changes in performance (accuracy, choice latency, and food retrieval time). As predicted, AMP induced dose-dependent biphasic effects. Low doses of AMP (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) significantly enhanced accuracy, decreased choice latency, and lengthened food retrieval time; 1.25 mg/kg AMP disrupted accuracy, increased choice latency, and further lengthened food retrieval time. The combination of NALT (0.25, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/kg) and subthreshold doses of AMP (0.07 and 0.1 mg/kg) had no effect on performance except for an increase in food retrieval time with 10.0 mg/kg NALT, whereas the combination of NALT and moderate doses of AMP (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) disrupted accuracy, increased choice latencies, and lengthened food retrieval time. These results do not support the hypothesis that endogenous opioid peptides play a vital role in attentional processes or that opioid antagonists may be useful in the treatment of attentional deficit disorders.

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“…In studies first reported by Boren, monkeys acquired a unique food-reinforced sequence of responses each day, thus allowing acquisition to be studied recurrently in a single organism The (Boren, 1963;Boren & Devine, 1968). Following these initial studies, the repeated acquisition baseline was adapted for assessment of drug-induced alterations in the acquisition of behavioral control in a number of species, including pigeons (e.g., Harting & McMillan, 1976;Thompson, 1976), rats (e.g., Calhoun & Jones, 1974;Handley & Calhoun, 1978;Pollard, McBennett, Rohrbach, & Howard, 1981;Schrot, Boren, & Moerschbaecher, 1976), dogs (Thomas & Schrot, unpublished, cited in Thompson & Moerschbaecher, 1979), the great apes (Pieper, 1976), and humans (Desjardins, Moerschbaecher, Thompson, & Thomas, 1982;Fischman, 1978). As pointed out by Thompson, the within-subject approach to the study of acquisition avoids many of the problems seen in group designs resulting from individual differences in the rate or speed of learning (Thompson, 1978, p. 190).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Scopolamine on Repeated Acquisition of Radial‐arm Maze Performance by Rats

Peele

Baron²

1988

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Rats repeatedly acquired the performance of selecting only the four baited arms in an automated eight-arm radial maze, with the arms containing food pellets randomly assigned prior to each session. During each 14-trial (trial: obtain all four pellets) daily session, the number of errors (selecting nonbaited arms or repeating arm selections) showed a within-session decline, and choice accuracy for the first four arm selections showed a positive acceleration across trials for all rats. An index-ofcurvature statistic, calculated for total errors, was used to quantify both the within-and betweensession improvement of performance. Scopolamine (0.03 to 0.3 mg/kg, ip), but not methylscopolamine (0.3 mg/kg), reduced the accuracy of the first four selections of each trial and increased total withinsession errors for all rats. Session times also were increased by scopolamine. An examination of withinsession accuracy showed only slight signs of improvement at the higher dosages of scopolamine. The results indicate that behavior in transition states maintained by reinforcement contingencies in the radial maze is similar to that maintained by extended chained schedules, despite the fact that some of the stimuli controlling behavior in the maze are absent at the moment behavior is emitted.

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Methamphetamine's effect on repeated acquisitions with serial discrimination reversals

Cited by 24 publications

References 2 publications

Reversal and nonreversal shifts under amphetamine

Reversal and nonreversal shifts under amphetamine

Effects of naltrexone, andd-amphetamine, and their interaction on the stimulus control of choice behavior of rats

Effects of Scopolamine on Repeated Acquisition of Radial‐arm Maze Performance by Rats

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