Methacrylonitrile and Acrylonitrile

“…catalytic oxidation [36] (<x) General. Methacrylonitrile has hitherto been manufactured industrially almost exclusively from propene and hydrocyanic acid.…”

Section: Acrylonitrile and Methacrylonitrile From Allylamine And Methmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The catalytic oxidation of the allylamines was developed in the laboratories of the SHELL DEVELOP-MENT Co. in Emeryville (California). It consists in oxidizing allylamine or methallylamine at 450-600° with air in the presence of steam over silver catalysts, the nitriles being obtained in a yield of about 90% [36].…”

Section: Acrylonitrile and Methacrylonitrile From Allylamine And Methmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Chlorination of the Olefins

Asinger¹

1968

Mono-Olefins

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“…The process was developed by Haber–Bosch and Mittasch in 1913 and is essentially used today with a few refinements 2 . The benefits of the Haber–Bosch process are that it enables the industrial production of ammonia 3 to be used as liquid fertilizer, 4 industrial refrigerant, 5 and as an intermediate in the synthesis of solid fertilizers (ammonium nitrate), 6 explosives, 7 and nitrogen‐containing (hydrazine, hydroxylamine, and acrylonitrile) intermediates used in the chemical industries 8 . The role of fertilizer greatly accelerated grain (corn, wheat, and rice) production, which feeds approximately 80% of the world population, underscoring the importance of ammonia as a fertilizer and potential clean fuel 9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green synthesis of ammonia from steam and air using solid oxide electrolysis cells composed of ruthenium‐modified perovskite catalyst

Liu

et al. 2023

Energy Science & Engineering

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The green electrochemical synthesis of ammonia (NH3) through solid electrolysis has been intensively investigated. This research reported an improvement of NH3 production rate using in situ exsolution of ruthenium (Ru) atoms into lanthanum strontium chromium ferrite perovskite (LaxSr1−xCryFe1−yO3−δ) catalyst. The in situ Ru exsolution was achieved by reducing the optimized stoichiometric La0.33Sr0.67Cr0.33Fe0.52Ru0.15O3−δ (LSCrFRu) powders obtained in 10‐vol% H2/Ar at 800°C for 1.0 h. These Ru nanoparticles (NPs) were embedded on the surface of the LSCrFRu matrix, evenly distributed with a size varying from 4.4 ± 0.5 nm. With the exsolution of Ru atoms, greater oxygen vacancies were formed in ex‐LSCrFRu and gadolinium‐doped ceria (GDC) composite than those in LSCrF‐GDC electrocatalyst, beneficial to N2 gas adsorption and triple bond cleavage. These Ru‐modified LSCrFRu‐GDC catalysts showed a synthesis rate of 4.73 × 10−10 mol s−1 cm−2 at 550°C under 1.6 V, doubling the rate using LSCrF‐GDC catalyst. The improved ammonia synthesis kinetic is mainly attributed to embedded Ru NPs and the increased oxygen vacancies formed during the in situ exsolution process. More active sites and higher activity for H2O and N2 adsorption and activation collectively advanced facile transportation of O2− that further promotes the cleavage of covalent bonds in H2O, providing more H+ for the hydrogenation in the nitrogen reduction reaction. This research will open a new paradigm for the electrochemical synthesis of ammonia with mitigating the drawbacks of traditional NH3 production.

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Methacrylonitrile and Acrylonitrile

Cited by 16 publications

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Nitriles (Cyanides)

Nitriles (Cyanides)

The Chlorination of the Olefins

Green synthesis of ammonia from steam and air using solid oxide electrolysis cells composed of ruthenium‐modified perovskite catalyst

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