Metformin encapsulated gold nanoparticles (MTF‐GNPs): A promising antiglycation agent

Abstract

The generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) through nonenzymatic protein glycation contributes to the pathogenesis of long‐lived diabetic problems. Metformin (MTF) is the very first drug having antihyperglycemic effects on type II diabetes mellitus which also possess interaction with dicarbonyl compounds and blocks the formation of AGEs. In the current study, MTF is bioconjugated with glycation‐derived synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) of significant size. Additionally, using various biophysical and biochemical approaches, we investigated the antiglycating capacity MTF‐GNPs in contrast to MTF against d‐ribose‐derived glycation of bovine serum albumin. Our key findings via utilizing various assays demonstrated that MTF‐GNPs were able to inhibit AGEs development by reducing hyperchromicity, early glycation products, carbonyl content, hydxoxymethylfurfural content, production of fluorescent AGEs, normalizing the loss of secondary structure (i.e., α‐helix and β‐sheets) of proteins, elevating the levels of free lysine and free arginine more efficiently compared to pure MTF. Based on these results, we concluded that MTF‐GNPs possess a considerable antiglycation property and may be developed as an outstanding anti‐AGEs treatment drug. Further in vivo and clinical research are necessary to determine the therapeutic effects of MTF‐GNPs against AGE‐related and metabolic disorders.

Metformin Therapy Assisted by Nanotechnology as a Possible Combinational Treatment for Diabetes Mellitus an Experimental Study

“…23 Moreover, the present results showed that administration of metformin and gold nanoparticles significantly improved dyslipidemia produced by HFD in agreement C C C with MTF-GNPs (glycation-derived synthesized gold nanoparticles). 24 Similarly, Husam M. Edrees et al 20 who investigated that AuNPs improved blood glucose level, liver enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines causing control of hyperglycemia by administration of gold nanoparticles (10 nm size) through an intraperitoneal injection of 2.5 mg/kg b.w./day for 7 day for 30 albino rats…”

Communal interaction of glycation and gut microbes in diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease pathogenesis

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“…383 Gold nanoparticles encapsulated with metformin are also evidenced as prompt antiglycation agents. 384 Many diabetic drugs effectively reduce brain inflammation and retard the process of plaque formation. In the treatment of AD, aducanumab, rivastigmine, memantine, donepezil, galantamine, and donepezil combined memantine are the drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States.…”

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