Metformin associated inflammation levels regulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus-tuberculosis coinfection patients – A case report

Concordance of Sputum and Feces Samples for Detecting Mycobacterium Tuberculosis using Xpert® MTB/RIF Ultra

“…It demonstrates the capacity to elevate pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, respond to Th-1 and Th-2 immunity, particularly enhancing IFNγ, and mitigate insulin-related IL-10 regulation. 19 Beyond DM, hepatitis emerged as a common comorbidity in our research. While the side effects of TB treatment may exacerbate hepatitis, it is crucial to note that these side effects should not serve as a reason to discontinue therapy.…”

Metformin for Tuberculosis Infection

“…Differential Mtb gene expression in the different phases of infection also contributes to the bacterial virulence besides bacterial strain or burden in respiratory secretion. Mtb lacks virulence factors such as toxins, and its immune-escaping ability depends on the alteration of lipid metabolism, metaltransporter proteins, and protease, which inhibit the antimicrobial effectors of macrophages [22].…”

“…MET associated AMPK activation, through thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) decreases activation of inflammatory mediators and transcription factors, including NF kappa B which encodes proinflammatory mediators [58,59]. In addition, in intracellular infections such TB MET through AMPK is also stimulated macrophage autophagy [15,52], therefore MET accelerates Mtb elimination process without excessive inflammatory processes that can damage the tissue [22].…”