Meteorological satellite accomplishments

Allison, L. J.; Arking, Albert; Bandeen, W. R.; Shenk, W. E.; Wexler, Raymond

doi:10.1029/rg013i003p00737

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 93 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…The influence of a long path-length through the atmosphere with varying amounts of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and clouds in the field of view limits the accuracy to 1 to 2 "K (see review by Allison et al, 1975). For many purposes this is too crude.…”

Section: Field Observations and Measurement Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hope of global 'all-weather' ocean temperature coverage from satellites has stimulated research into the physical processes which determine not only the sea surface temperature itself but also its deviation from the temperature of deeper layers especially since temperature data from the interface and lower layers must often be merged. Unfortunately, the accuracy with which surface temperatures can be observed from satellites is, at present, only marginal as input for the prediction models (e.g., Allison et al, 1975).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The aqueous thermal boundary layer

Katsaros

1980

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

112

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This article reviews the available data, measurement techniques, and present understanding of the millimeter thick aqueous thermal boundary layer. A temperature difference between the surface and lower strata, AT, of the order of a few tenths to -1 "C have been observed. Techniques ranging from miniature mercury thermometers and electrical point sensors to optical interferometry and infrared radiometry have been employed. Many processes influence the temperature structure in this thin boundary layer. Among them are: the net upward heat flux due to evaporation and sensible heat transfer; infrared and solar radiation; and the turbulence near the interface due to wind mixing, wave breaking and current shear. Presence of solute and surface-active materials stimulate or dampen these mixing processes thereby influencing boundary-layer thickness and temperature structure.

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Section: Field Observations and Measurement Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The aqueous thermal boundary layer

Katsaros

1980

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

112

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“…Fortunately, progress in short-range forecasting need not wait for a positive conclusion to this debate. For an extensive list of recent references on satellite sensing, see Allison et al (1975).…”

Section: Satellite Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive Applications of Satellite Observations and Mesoscale Numerical Models

Kreitzberg¹

1976

Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

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This paper outlines a mesoscaie forecast system that could be implemented within a few years in spite of relatively sparse direct observations. Methods are discussed of using satellite information on large mesoscaie features to initiate numerical models. The models develop further mesoscaie structures through the influence of mesoscaie geographic features and organized convective systems. The output of the numerical model serves as the physical foundation upon which the latest detailed satellite data can be interpreted.Although many of the techniques described are not offthe-shelf items today, they are entirely feasible. It is important that the components of the forecast system be developed in parallel, rather than in series, if the system is to be completed within five years. The components include: polar-orbiting satellites for high latitudes; geosynchronous satellites for low latitudes; a mesoclimatological data base largely from satellite data; a mesoscaie numerical prediction model with lateral boundary data supplied from a conventional large-scale model; and a variety of simple models and empirical schemes for treating special mesoscaie phenomena.A review of current activities in mesometeorology provides substantial evidence that the revolution in large-scale weather prediction in the past decade will be followed by a similar revolution on the mesoscaie in the next five years.

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“…The first weather satellite, TIROS-1, was launched in 1960 by the NASA, 1 and rapidly demonstrated the value of spacebased observations to assist weather forecasters. Today's dependence of meteorologists, and in particular medium term (five to 30-days) weather forecasts on space-derived data is exquisitely illustrated by the European Centre for Mediumrange Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) attempt to compare the relative value of spacecraft and conventional data sources in such forecasts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel design concept for space-based polar remote sensing

Macdonald

Anderson

Warren³

2012

SPIE Proceedings

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Space-based remote sensing of the Earth is conducted from a fleet of spacecraft in two basic orbital positions, near-polar low-Earth orbits and geosynchronous orbits, with each offering its own advantages and disadvantages. Low-Earth orbits provide high-resolution observations at the expense of large-scale contextual information, while geosynchronous orbits provide near-global, continuous coverage at reduced resolutions. However, due to the rapidly decreasing horizontal resolution data-products derived from geosynchronous orbits are of degraded value beyond approximately 55 degrees of latitude. A novel mission design is introduced to enable continuous observation of all longitudes at latitudes between 55 and 90 degrees with an observation zenith angle of less than 60 degrees, without the use of composite images. A single Soyuz launch is used to deliver three spacecraft to 12-hr, highly eccentric true-polar orbits with apogee at 40170 km and electric propulsion is used to maintain the orbit apse-line coincident with the Earth's poles. It is shown that the science payload mass can be traded against the mission duration, with a payload mass varying between 120-90 kg for mission durations between 3-5 years, respectively. It is further shown that the payload would have approximately of 2kW of power available during operations as the electric propulsion system is not operated at these times. Whilst the payload mass is less than a typical remote sensing platform in geosynchronous orbit it is considered that the concept would offer an excellent technology demonstrator mission for operational missions, whilst also enabling unique and valuable science.

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Meteorological satellite accomplishments

Cited by 5 publications

References 93 publications

The aqueous thermal boundary layer

The aqueous thermal boundary layer

Interactive Applications of Satellite Observations and Mesoscale Numerical Models

A novel design concept for space-based polar remote sensing

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