Meteorological observations from ship cruises during summer to the central Arctic: A comparison with reanalysis data

Lüpkes, Christof; Vihma, Timo; Jakobson, Erko; König-Langlo, Gert; Tetzlaff, Amelie

doi:10.1029/2010gl042724

Cited by 83 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In AROME, the initialization increased the bias of the analysis performed by HIRLAM. The problem of data assimilation in IFS is in line with Lüpkes et al (2010), who discovered large warm and moist biases in the ABL over the Arctic Ocean in the ERA Interim reanalysis of the ECMWF, although the comparisons were made against observations utilized in the data assimilation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Evaluation of NWP results for wintertime nocturnal boundary‐layer temperatures over Europe and Finland

Atlaskin

Vihma

2012

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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The results demonstrated a T2m bias increasing with decreasing temperature and strengthening temperature inversion. When a strong temperature inversion was observed in Sodankylä, the models underestimated it, whereas in nearneutral conditions the stratification was overestimated. Comparison of observed and modelled 3 h temperature tendencies showed that the T2m tendency in the models was on average only 17-20% of the observed one. The warm bias in T2m forecast in Sodankylä during periods of observed temperature inversion partly resulted from a warm bias in the initial conditions. This was due to problems in data assimilation in IFS and HIRLAM, in initialization in AROME, and in either or both procedures in GFS. In particular, the IFS data assimilation increased the T2m bias. Evaluation of modelled T2m against grid-averaged T2m observed at Helsinki Testbed demonstrated that the T2m model error dominated over the spatial variability of observed T2m. This suggests that over an almost flat terrain horizontal resolution is not a major factor for the accuracy of T2m forecast at low T2m typically associated with temperature inversions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Evaluation of NWP results for wintertime nocturnal boundary‐layer temperatures over Europe and Finland

Atlaskin

Vihma

2012

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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“…Currently, Arctic temperature and humidity inversions are not realistically captured with respect to strength, depth, and base height by operational weather forecasting models (Lammert et al, 2010), climate models (Medeiros et al, 2011), high-resolution mesoscale models (Kilpeläinen et al, 2012), or even reanalyses (Lüpkes et al, 2010;Jakobson et al, 2012;Serreze et al, 2012). In particular, it is the nature of the Arctic atmosphere to contain multiple inversion layers and this is not reproduced in the models (Kilpeläinen et al, 2012).…”

Section: Temperature and Humidity Inversionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in understanding and parameterization of small-scale physical processes in the marine Arctic climate system: a review

et al. 2014

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Abstract. The Arctic climate system includes numerous highly interactive small-scale physical processes in the atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean. During and since the International Polar Year 2007-2009, significant advances have been made in understanding these processes. Here, these recent advances are reviewed, synthesized, and discussed. In atmospheric physics, the primary advances have been in cloud physics, radiative transfer, mesoscale cyclones, coastal, and fjordic processes as well as in boundary layer processes and surface fluxes. In sea ice and its snow cover, advances have been made in understanding of the surface albedo and its relationships with snow properties, the internal structure of sea ice, the heat and salt transfer in ice, the formation of superimposed ice and snow ice, and the small-scale dynamics of sea ice. For the ocean, significant advances have been related to exchange processes at the ice-ocean interface, diapycnal mixing, double-diffusive convection, tidal currents and diurnal resonance. Despite this recent progress, some of these small-scale physical processes are still not sufficiently understood: these include wave-turbulence interactions in the atmosphere and ocean, the exchange of heat and salt at the ice-ocean interface, and the mechanical weakening of sea ice. Many other processes are reasonably well understood as stand-alone processes but the challenge is to understand their interactions with and impacts and feedbacks on other processes. Uncertainty in the parameterization of small-scale processes continues to be among the greatest challenges facing climate modelling, particularly in high latitudes. Further improvements in parameterization require new year-round field campaigns on the Arctic sea ice, closely combined with satellite remote sensing studies and numerical model experiments.

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“…Satellite retrievals of the spring onset of snowmelt, from both passive and active microwave observations, demonstrate the long-term tendency towards earlier surface melt, with a mean of about 2.5 days per decade in the central Arctic (Markus et al, 2009), locally reaching 18 days per decade, especially within the central western Arctic (Maksimovich and Vihma, 2012). Concurrently, the fall freeze-up appears to be more and more delayed in the season (Markus et al, 2009), both within the open sea and on top of the sea ice that survived the melt season.…”

Section: Snow and Freezing/melting Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The roles of retracting sea ice and snow coverage have been widely described (e.g. Maksimovich and Vihma, 2012). The basic sea ice-albedo feedback process begins in spring, when the surface albedo decreases due to snow metamorphosis and melt.…”

Section: Arctic Amplificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concurrently, the fall freeze-up appears to be more and more delayed in the season (Markus et al, 2009), both within the open sea and on top of the sea ice that survived the melt season. Over time, these two essential processes -spring melt onset and fall freeze-up -affect the sea ice extent, thickness and volume in a non-linear way (Maksimovich and Vihma, 2012). An earlier surface melt initiation of just a few days (typically occurring May-June) drastically increases the absorption of solar energy, and the effect propagates through the entire melt season.…”

Section: Snow and Freezing/melting Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent advances in understanding the Arctic climate system state and change from a sea ice perspective: a review

2014

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Abstract. Sea ice is the central component and most sensitive indicator of the Arctic climate system. Both the depletion and areal decline of the Arctic sea ice cover, observed since the 1970s, have accelerated since the millennium. While the relationship of global warming to sea ice reduction is evident and underpinned statistically, it is the connecting mechanisms that are explored in detail in this review.Sea ice erodes both from the top and the bottom. Atmospheric, oceanic and sea ice processes interact in nonlinear ways on various scales. Feedback mechanisms lead to an Arctic amplification of the global warming system: the amplification is both supported by the ice depletion and, at the same time, accelerates ice reduction. Knowledge of the mechanisms of sea ice decline grew during the 1990s and This article reviews recent progress in understanding the sea ice decline. Processes are revisited from atmospheric, oceanic and sea ice perspectives. There is strong evidence that decisive atmospheric changes are the major driver of sea ice change. Feedbacks due to reduced ice concentration, surface albedo, and ice thickness allow for additional local atmospheric and oceanic influences and self-supporting feedbacks. Large-scale ocean influences on Arctic Ocean hydrology and circulation are highly evident. Northward heat fluxes in the ocean are clearly impacting the ice margins, especially in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic. There is little indication of a direct and decisive influence of the warming ocean on the overall sea ice cover, due to an isolating layer of cold and fresh water underneath the sea ice.

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Meteorological observations from ship cruises during summer to the central Arctic: A comparison with reanalysis data

Cited by 83 publications

References 10 publications

Evaluation of NWP results for wintertime nocturnal boundary‐layer temperatures over Europe and Finland

Evaluation of NWP results for wintertime nocturnal boundary‐layer temperatures over Europe and Finland

Advances in understanding and parameterization of small-scale physical processes in the marine Arctic climate system: a review

Recent advances in understanding the Arctic climate system state and change from a sea ice perspective: a review

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