Metastatic Renal Carcinoma Long-Term Survivors Treated with s.c. Interferon-Alpha and s.c. Interleukin-2

Abstract

Our data suggest that long-term survival of metastatic renal carcinoma patients beyond 10 years is independent of known clinical risk factors and treatment time. However, long-term survival of cytokine-treated, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients remains a rare event and, thus, emphasizes the need for further investigations toward more effective therapies.

Interleukin-18 Synergism with Interleukin-2 in Cytotoxicity and NKG2D Expression of Human Natural Killer Cells

“…Although IL-2 has ever been widely used for treatment of patients with advanced cancer, its clinical utility has been greatly limited by the emergence of significant toxicities associated with high-dose or longterm therapy (Atzpodien and Reitz, 2005;Clark et al, 2013). IL-18 is a relatively nontoxic cytokine (Robertson et al, 2008) that promotes the proliferation of activated T cells, activation of NK cells and cytokine production (Srivastava et al, 2013).…”

“…Interleukin (IL)-2 enhances NK cell proliferation, cytolytic activity and production of several cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α and GM-CSF (Gaffen and Liu, 2004). However, a series of severe adverse effects related with high-dose or long-term IL-2 treatment have greatly limited its clinical application in tumor immunotherapy (Atzpodien and Reitz, 2005;Clark et al, 2013). IL-18, originally described as an IFN-γ-inducing factor, is an immunostimulatory cytokine primarily secreted from activated macrophages and dendritic cells.…”

Efficacy of Temsirolimus after Previous Treatment with Sunitinib, Sorafenib or Everolimus in Advanced Renal Cell Cancer

“…Treatment with standard cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents showed disappointing efficacy with overall response rates of up to 7% and limited survival benefit [1,2,3,4]. Only immunotherapy with interferon (IFN)-α and interleukin-2 showed significant efficacy with an overall response rate of approximately 28% for combination therapy [5,6]. Combination therapy with interleukin-2 and IFN-α resulted in a complete response (CR) rate of 8.4% and a partial response (PR) rate of 10.1% of patients [6].…”

“…Only immunotherapy with interferon (IFN)-α and interleukin-2 showed significant efficacy with an overall response rate of approximately 28% for combination therapy [5,6]. Combination therapy with interleukin-2 and IFN-α resulted in a complete response (CR) rate of 8.4% and a partial response (PR) rate of 10.1% of patients [6]. Furthermore, in a small subset of patients (6.3%), long-term survival could be achieved independent of clinical risk features [5,6,7,8].…”

“…Combination therapy with interleukin-2 and IFN-α resulted in a complete response (CR) rate of 8.4% and a partial response (PR) rate of 10.1% of patients [6]. Furthermore, in a small subset of patients (6.3%), long-term survival could be achieved independent of clinical risk features [5,6,7,8]. …”