Metastatic Melanoma: A Regional Review and Future Directions

Khan, Khurum; Goody, Rebecca; Hameed, Hassan; Jalil, Awais; Coyle, Vicky M.; McAleer, J. J.

doi:10.1177/030089161209800506

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…MM accounts for 60-80% of deaths from all skin cancers globally with New Zealand and Australia having the highest incidence [2][3][4]. The 5-year survival of metastatic MM (mMM) is 5-19% depending on the site of the metastasis [2,5] with an overall median survival of 5-9 months [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Cancer Stem Cell Subpopulations in Head and Neck Metastatic Malignant Melanoma

Yoganandarajah

Patel

Schaijik

et al. 2020

Cells

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Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in many cancer types. This study identified and characterized CSCs in head and neck metastatic malignant melanoma (HNmMM) to regional lymph nodes using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) markers. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining performed on 20 HNmMM tissue samples demonstrated expression of iPSC markers OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC in all samples, while NANOG was expressed at low levels in two samples. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining demonstrated an OCT4+/SOX2+/KLF4+/c-MYC+ CSC subpopulation within the tumor nests (TNs) and another within the peritumoral stroma (PTS) of HNmMM tissues. IF also showed expression of NANOG by some OCT4+/SOX2+/KLF4+/c-MYC+ cells within the TNs in an HNmMM tissue sample that expressed NANOG on IHC staining. In situ hybridization (n = 6) and reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (n = 5) on the HNmMM samples confirmed expression of all five iPSC markers. Western blotting of primary cell lines derived from four of the 20 HNmMM tissue samples showed expression of SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC but not OCT4 and NANOG, and three of these cell lines formed tumorspheres in vitro. We demonstrate the presence of two putative CSC subpopulations within HNmMM, which may be a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of this aggressive cancer.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Cancer Stem Cell Subpopulations in Head and Neck Metastatic Malignant Melanoma

Yoganandarajah

Patel

Schaijik

et al. 2020

Cells

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“…Although stage 4 metastatic melanoma is rarely curable, a few new approaches have shown clinical benefit by prolonging overall survival in randomized trials (10). Current treatment regimes of stage 4 melanoma include chemotherapy and immunotherapy (11). One of the most promising treatment options is oral Vemurafenib, a standard treatment for metastatic melanoma (12).…”

Section: Literature Review and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in 18F-FDG PET-CT Appearances of Treated Malignant Melanoma Metastases within the Right Atrium

Sonoda¹,

Sanghera²,

Nowlan³

et al. 2015

Mirt

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18 F-FDG PET-CT plays an important role in the management of malignant melanoma. Cardiac metastases of melanoma are relatively uncommon, but when present they often manifest with cardiac arrhythmia and cardiac failure. Once treated successfully, lesions in the heart reduce in size and FDG-uptake, while signs of cardiac arrhythmia and cardiac failure may resolve. With a background of normal physiological FDG-uptake in cardiac muscle, a careful observation is required when cardiac metastases are clinically suspected. We report a patient with right atrial metastases of melanoma who presented with new onset atrial fibrillation, and in whom the cardiac lesion reduced in size and FDG-uptake following appropriate treatment, and signs of cardiac arrhythmia spontaneously resolved. The authors believe this is the first set of PET-CT appearances of pretreatment and treated cardiac metastases of melanoma in the literature.

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“…6,7 Unfortunately, treatment outcomes are not satisfactory and patients' responses to most of these therapies are very poor. 8 At present, the most common drug used for the treatment of melanoma is dacarbazine (DTIC), which is a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved, first-line treatment for patients with wild-type melanomas. 9 Although in vitro experiments showed that DTIC produced cytotoxicity in many melanoma cell lines, the response to DTIC was only 5%−10% when used alone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of nanotechnology for melanoma treatment, diagnosis, and theranostics

Chen¹,

Shao²,

Zhang³

et al. 2013

IJN

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Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer and has very high rates of mortality. An early stage melanoma can be surgically removed, with a survival rate of 99%. However, metastasized melanoma is difficult to cure. The 5-year survival rates for patients with metastasized melanoma are still below 20%. Metastasized melanoma is currently treated by chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and radiotherapy. The outcome of most of the current therapies is far from optimistic. Although melanoma patients with a mutation in the oncogene v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) have an initially higher positive response rate to targeted therapy, the majority develop acquired drug resistance after 6 months of the therapy. To increase treatment efficacy, early diagnosis, more potent pharmacological agents, and more effective delivery systems are urgently needed. Nanotechnology has been extensively studied for melanoma treatment and diagnosis, to decrease drug resistance, increase therapeutic efficacy, and reduce side effects. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on the development of various nanoparticles for melanoma treatment and diagnosis. Several common nanoparticles, including liposome, polymersomes, dendrimers, carbon-based nanoparticles, and human albumin, have been used to deliver chemotherapeutic agents, and small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs) against signaling molecules have also been tested for the treatment of melanoma. Indeed, several nanoparticle-delivered drugs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and are currently in clinical trials. The application of nanoparticles could produce side effects, which will need to be reduced so that nanoparticle-delivered drugs can be safely applied in the clinical setting.

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Metastatic Melanoma: A Regional Review and Future Directions

Abstract: . Our results are comparable to published data. Malignant melanoma is a disease with rising incidence and limited treatment options. These patients are best treated in the context of clinical trials as new targeted therapies are promising as future strategies.

Cited by 18 publications

References 23 publications

Identification of Cancer Stem Cell Subpopulations in Head and Neck Metastatic Malignant Melanoma

Identification of Cancer Stem Cell Subpopulations in Head and Neck Metastatic Malignant Melanoma

Changes in 18F-FDG PET-CT Appearances of Treated Malignant Melanoma Metastases within the Right Atrium

Applications of nanotechnology for melanoma treatment, diagnosis, and theranostics

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