The configuration of RNA prepared from 50S ribosomal subunits of Escherichia coli has been analyzed by electron microscopy and sedimentation studies as a function of perturbations on the ionic environment. The RNA was extensively depleted of Mg2+ with chelating resin at low ionic strength neutral pH. A range of sedimentation values, increasing from 4 S to 32 S, was observed which correlated with an increasingly folded average configuration as visualized by electron microscopy. At pH 3.0 and at low ionic strength, unchelated RNA was rapidly converted to an 18-nm spherical particle sedimenting at 50 S. This conversion was retarded at higher ionic strength. Chelated iR-ibosomal RNA is now generally regarded as consisting of a single polynucleotide chain, about 60% of which is folded (at an ionic strength of about 0.1) (Cotter and Gratzer, 1969a) into many short regions of double helix containing not more than about 20 base pairs each (Cox, 1968). The available spectroscopic evidence indicates that this base pairing persists in the intact ribosome (Cotter et al., 1967; McPhie and Gratzer, 1966; Cotter and Gratzer, 1969b).The extent of base pairing in free RNA in solution is dependent upon the ionic environment and decreases as the ionic strength is lowered. In salt-free solution, electrostatic repulsions between phosphate groups inhibits formation of base pairs, but local order persists as a result of base stacking (Bush and Scheraga, 1967).It is also known that variations in the ionic environment substantially affect the overall conformation (Colter and Brown, 1956;Littauer and Eisenberg, 1959), as well as secondary structure. Stanley (1963) andBock (1965) showed that complete removal of multivalent ions from rRNA followed by careful adjustment of mono-and divalent cation concentrations resulted in sedimentation rates covering the range of 3.5 S to 28 S for the RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli.Electron microscopy (EM) could be expected to make a contribution to this problem by direct visualization of gross conformational changes. In fact, most of the reported EM studies of rRNA have applied the Kleinschmidt technique (Kleinschmidt and Zahn, 1959) to RNA denatured with urea (Granboulan and Franklin, 1966;Granboulan and Scherrer, 1969;Verma et al., 1970) or with dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) alone (Nanninga et al., 1972). In addition to these numerous studies of denatured RNA, Littauer et