Metamorphosis in psychotherapy: End of the systems era.

The integration of psychotherapy: Goal or utopia?

“…Client-centered psychotherapy, behavioral therapy and psychoanalysis are incompatible, and even incommensurable (Walsh & Peterson, 1985). These therapies are built on different foundations; they differ in human perception, values and work method (Omer & London, 1988;Messer, 1989Messer, , 1986. Thus, they can never be classified in a single system.…”

“…Rice & Greenberg, 1984). It is also unclear which analysis units are most suitable and which methodological procedures for process research are most appropriate (Omer & London, 1988). In short, Stiles and colleagues' (1986) call for more, and more specific, research on smaller behavioral units which should be measured with greater precision and analyzed at more levels of abstraction can be contrasted with Farkas' criticism (1981) that a microscopic view of factors which could be common to the various forms of therapy leads to trivial conclusions (cf.…”

Who Owns Psychopathology? The DSM: Its Flaws, Its Future, and the Professional Counselor

“…Over the past 4 decades, there has been a strong movement toward theoretical integration of the hundreds of psychotherapy theories in order to reduce conceptual confusion (Fowler, 1992;Garfield, 1983;Norcross, 2005;Omer & London, 1988, 1989 and improve client care and treatment outcomes. Studies continue to show that there is no single theoretical approach to psychotherapy that is most helpful to clients (Hanna, 1994;Hanna & Cardona, 2013;Hanna & Puhakka, 1991;Hansen, 2002;Smith & Glass, 1977;Stiles, Shapiro, & Elliott, 1986).…”

The Specter of Metaphysics in Counseling Research and Practice: The Qualitative Challenge

“…Despite intellectual tangles (Tolman, 1983) that result from rampant theory generation. Few, if any, of the over 460 schools of therapy (Omer & London, 1988) have incorporated dialectical analysis. Perhaps a result of this omission is the more than 50 eclectic and integrative schools of therapy that have emerged in recent years (see Norcross, 1990).…”