Metamorphosis and acquisition of symbiotic algae in planula larvae and primary polyps of Acropora spp.

Hirose, Mamiko; Yamamoto, Hiromi; Nonaka, Manabu

doi:10.1007/s00338-007-0330-y

Cited by 52 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Ciliated gastrodermal cells in the primary polyps of Acropora spp. are known to produce water currents for capturing material in their coelenterons [37]. A larger polyp may have a greater ability to capture zooxanthellae because of its higher number of ciliated gastrodermal cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zooxanthellae isolated from the giant clam Tridacna crocea and cultured at Okinawa Prefectural Sea Farming Center, Motobu, Okinawa, Japan, were used for the algal infection experiment. In this experiment, we infected A. digitifera primary polyps with zooxanthellae from the giant clam T. crocea because the primary polyps tended to acquire algae from this bivalve more efficiently than from other hosts, including A. digitifera [36,37]. The number of zooxanthellae in FSW was counted using a hemocytometer, and a zooxanthella solution (1 9 10 6 cells/ml in FSW) was prepared.…”

Section: Polyp and Symbiosis Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of acidified seawater on early life stages of scleractinian corals (Genus Acropora)

et al. 2009

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Ocean acidification, caused by increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations, is currently an important environmental problem. It is therefore necessary to investigate the effects of ocean acidification on all life stages of a wide range of marine organisms. However, few studies have examined the effects of increased CO 2 on early life stages of organisms, including corals. Using a range of pH values (pH 7.3, 7.6, and 8.0) in manipulative duplicate aquarium experiments, we have evaluated the effects of increased CO 2 on early life stages (larval and polyp stages) of Acropora spp. with the aim of estimating CO 2 tolerance thresholds at these stages. Larval survival rates did not differ significantly between the reduced pH and control conditions. In contrast, polyp growth and algal infection rates were significantly decreased at reduced pH levels compared to control conditions. These results suggest that future ocean acidification may lead to reduced primary polyp growth and delayed establishment of symbiosis. Stress exposure experiments using longer experimental time scales and lower levels of CO 2 concentrations than those used in this study are needed to establish the threshold of CO 2 emissions required to sustain coral reef ecosystems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polyp and Symbiosis Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of acidified seawater on early life stages of scleractinian corals (Genus Acropora)

et al. 2009

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“…Intrinsic factors may include the vertical transmission of microbial symbionts from parent to daughter cells (26,28,29,71) and the selective acquisition of microbes from the surrounding environment by defined mechanisms in corals at different developmental stages (2,4,28), leading to coral-species-dependent microbial consortia (62,64,65). External factors, such as temperature, elevated nutrient levels, dissolved organic carbon load, and reduced pH, can create stressful conditions that change coralassociated microbial communities (78).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and Species Variations in Bacterial Communities Associated with Corals from the Red Sea as Revealed by Pyrosequencing

Lee

Yang

Bougouffa

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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bMicrobial associations with corals are common and are most likely symbiotic, although their diversity and relationships with environmental factors and host species remain unclear. In this study, we adopted a 16S rRNA gene tag-pyrosequencing technique to investigate the bacterial communities associated with three stony Scleractinea and two soft Octocorallia corals from three locations in the Red Sea. Our results revealed highly diverse bacterial communities in the Red Sea corals, with more than 600 ribotypes detected and up to 1,000 species estimated from a single coral species. Altogether, 21 bacterial phyla were recovered from the corals, of which Gammaproteobacteria was the most dominant group, and Chloroflexi, Chlamydiae, and the candidate phylum WS3 were reported in corals for the first time. The associated bacterial communities varied greatly with location, where environmental conditions differed significantly. Corals from disturbed areas appeared to share more similar bacterial communities, but larger variations in community structures were observed between different coral species from pristine waters. Ordination methods identified salinity and depth as the most influential parameters affecting the abundance of Vibrio, Pseudoalteromonas, Serratia, Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, and Achromobacter in the corals. On the other hand, bacteria such as Chloracidobacterium and Endozoicomonas were more sensitive to the coral species, suggesting that the host species type may be influential in the associated bacterial community, as well. The combined influences of the coral host and environmental factors on the associated microbial communities are discussed. This study represents the first comparative study using tag-pyrosequencing technology to investigate the bacterial communities in Red Sea corals.

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“…For example, some of the members of Cnidaria (Anthozoa, Scyphozoa, Hydrozoa), Mollusca (Bivalvia, Gastropoda), Porifera, Foraminifera, and also Heterotrichea ciliates harbor Symbiodinium (Hill and Wilcox 1998 ;Carlos et al 1999 ;Pawlowski et al 2001 ;Lobban et al 2002 ;also reviewed in Trench 1993 ;Baker 2003 ). Most of these host animals, including corals, harbor Symbiodinium in the endodermal cell layer (i.e., intracellular symbiosis, e.g., Taylor 1968 ; Hirose et al 2008 ). Some of the molluscan hosts (giant clams, e.g., genus Tridacna and Hippopus ) harbor them in "zooxanthellal tubes" which arise from the clam's stomach and extend into the mantle (i.e., intercellular symbiosis) (Norton et al 1992 ).…”

Section: Contributions To Host Animalsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…This group consists of at least S. pilosum , S. natans , and S. voratum, and it may have evolved as a free-living lineage. They were found in a diverse array of environments, such as sand, tide pools, macroalgal surfaces, and the water column (e.g., Hirose et al 2008 ;Reimer et al 2010 ;Jeong et al 2014 ). They are rarely found in host tissue (e.g., LaJeunesse 2002 ) and were not acquired by cnidarian hosts in infection experiments-or even if they were acquired, they did not persist as symbionts (Coffroth et al 2006 ;LaJeunesse 2001 ;Yamashita et al 2014 ).…”

Section: Free-living Symbiodiniummentioning

confidence: 98%

Biology of Symbiotic Dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium) in Corals

Yamashita

Koike

2015

Marine Protists

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The chapter summarizes the diversity and ecology of zooxanthellae, especially focusing on the dinofl agellate genus Symbiodinium. Symbiodinium spp. are known to engage in mutual symbioses with a wide variety of marine invertebrates (e.g., corals) and protists, in both tropical and temperate waters. Because of an increasing awareness of "coral bleaching" (death of corals due to loss of symbiotic algae), there have been many investigations into Symbiodinium and coral interactions. In this chapter, the taxonomy and general ecology of Symbiodinium are initially described, followed by recent genetic classifi cation systems, which have contributed to a clearer understanding of Symbiodinium diversity and its host specifi city. Finally, mechanisms of both symbiotic initiation and breakdown in association with corals are highlighted, to predict the future of coral reef ecosystems in the changing ocean environments.

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Metamorphosis and acquisition of symbiotic algae in planula larvae and primary polyps of Acropora spp.

Cited by 52 publications

References 27 publications

Effects of acidified seawater on early life stages of scleractinian corals (Genus Acropora)

Effects of acidified seawater on early life stages of scleractinian corals (Genus Acropora)

Spatial and Species Variations in Bacterial Communities Associated with Corals from the Red Sea as Revealed by Pyrosequencing

Biology of Symbiotic Dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium) in Corals

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