“…As a powerful methodology to solve the complicated design problems of coupled engineering systems, multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) has received extensive attention from industry and academia (Zhu et al, 2021a, b;Wang et al, 2018a, b;Zadeh et al, 2019;Meng et al, 2018Meng et al, , 2021aHe et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2016;D ıaz et al, 2017;Xiao et al, 2015;Martins and Lambe, 2013). Following its success in aeronautics and astronautics engineering, the application field of MDO has been widely extended to other engineering fields, such as vehicles and ships (Wang et al, 2014;Jaeger et al, 2013;Balesdent et al, 2012;Miao et al, 2020a, b;Wu et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2017;Meng et al, 2021b;Yin et al, 2020;Shi et al, 2021;Li et al, 2021a, b). In MDO, design variables and parameters are often treated as deterministic input information.…”