Metamaterial-Enabled 2D Directional Modulation Array Transmitter for Physical Layer Security in Wireless Communication Links

Vosoughitabar, Shaghayegh; Nooraiepour, Alireza; Bajwa, Waheed U.; Mandayam, Narayan B.; Wu, Chung Tse Michael

doi:10.1109/ims37962.2022.9865545

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…First, the original transmitted constellation points corresponding to the subcarriers of the OFDM signal, S(t), should be preserved along the desired angle θ 0 , in order to facilitate the decoding process for the receiver. As the non-zero order harmonics in the w function in (10) are the source of the interference introduced into the subcarriers, mathematically, we can express this constraint by w(ν = 0, L, t, θ 0 ) = 0, w(ν = 0, L, t, θ 0 ) = 0 .…”

Section: Directional Modulation Enabled By Space-time Digitally-coded...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a promising PHY security technique, directional modulation (DM) has enjoyed broad research attention in the last few years [6,7], as it has the capability of transmitting digitally modulated signals whose waveforms are well preserved only along a preselected direction along which legitimate user equipments (UEs) are located. In practice, DM can be realized by conventional approaches for radio frequency (RF) front-ends, such as phased antenna array or digital beamforming, to provide the necessary weighting coefficients to distort (and diminish) modulated signals at undesired directions [8,9,10]. More recently, the implementation of DM for mmWave communication has been studied through spatio-temporal transmitter arrays which are realizable in silicon chips [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Space-Time Digitally-Coded Metamaterial Antenna Enabled Directional Modulation for Physical Layer Security

Nooraiepour¹,

Vosoughitabar²,

Wu³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Developing low-cost and scalable security solutions is vital to the advent of future large-scale wireless networks. Traditional cryptographic methods fail to meet the low-latency and scalability requirements of these networks due to their computational and key management complexity. On the other hand, physical layer (PHY) security has been put forth as a cost-effective alternative to cryptographic mechanisms that can circumvent the need for explicit key exchange between communication devices, owing to the fact that PHY security relies on the physics of the signal transmission for providing security. In this work, we propose a space-time-modulated digitally-coded metamaterial (MTM) leaky wave antenna (LWA) that can enable PHY security by achieving the functionalities of directional modulation (DM). From the theoretical perspective, we first show how the proposed space-time MTM antenna architecture can achieve DM through both the spatial and spectral manipulation of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal received by a user equipment (UE). Simulation results are then provided as proof-of-principle, demonstrating the applicability of our approach for achieving DM in various communication settings. To further validate our simulation results, we realize a prototype of the proposed architecture controlled by a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), which achieves DM via an optimized coding sequence carried out by the branch-and-bound algorithm corresponding to the states of the MTM LWA's unit cells. Experimental results confirm the theory behind the space-time-modulated MTM LWA in achieving DM, which is observed via both the spectral harmonic patterns and bit error rate (BER) measurements.

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Section: Directional Modulation Enabled By Space-time Digitally-coded...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Space-Time Digitally-Coded Metamaterial Antenna Enabled Directional Modulation for Physical Layer Security

Nooraiepour¹,

Vosoughitabar²,

Wu³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, in this approach the input signal is only transmitted in the on-time periods of the switches, leading to a decrease in signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) at the desired angle. [8,10] More recently, the implementation of DM for mmWave communication has been studied through spatiotemporal transmitter arrays which are realizable in silicon chips. [11,12] Nevertheless, DOI: 10.1002/aisy.202300341…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in this approach the input signal is only transmitted in the on‐time periods of the switches, leading to a decrease in signal‐to‐noise‐ratio (SNR) at the desired angle. [ 8,10 ] More recently, the implementation of DM for mmWave communication has been studied through spatiotemporal transmitter arrays which are realizable in silicon chips. [ 11,12 ] Nevertheless, DM‐phased arrays require the use of phase shifters to change phases constantly at the baseband signal modulation rate to control the excitation coefficients at the input ports, [ 7,13 ] whereas digital beamforming techniques involve bulky structures to accommodate multiple transceivers that can be very complex, [ 6 ] power consuming and expensive due to the heavy use of data converters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In practice, DM can be realized by conventional approaches for radio frequency front-ends, such as phased antenna array or digital beamforming, to provide the necessary weighting coefficients to distort (and diminish) modulated signals at undesired directions. [8][9][10] Time-modulated arrays have also been put forth as an effective technique to achieve DM by incorporating pin diodes as radio frequency switches in the branches of a phased array to periodically connect and disconnect the antenna elements from the feeding network. However, in this approach the input signal is only transmitted in the on-time periods of the switches, leading to a decrease in signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) at the desired angle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Programming Wireless Security Through Learning‐Aided Spatiotemporal Digital Coding Metamaterial Antenna

Nooraiepour

Vosoughitabar

et al. 2023

Advanced Intelligent Systems

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The advancement of future large‐scale wireless networks necessitates the development of cost‐effective and scalable security solutions. Specifically, physical layer (PHY) security has been put forth as a cost‐effective alternative to cryptographic mechanisms that can circumvent the need for explicit key exchange between communication devices. Herein, a space–time‐modulated digitally‐coded metamaterial (MTM) leaky wave antenna (LWA) is proposed that can enable PHY security by achieving the functionalities of directional modulation (DM) using a machine learning‐aided branch‐and‐bound (B&B) optimized coding sequence. Theoretically, it is first shown that the proposed space–time MTM antenna can achieve DM through both the spatial and spectral manipulation of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal. Simulation results are then provided as proof‐of‐principle, demonstrating the applicability of the approach for achieving DM in various communication settings. Furthermore, a prototype of the proposed architecture controlled by a field‐programmable gate array is realized, which achieves DM via an optimized coding sequence carried out by the learning‐aided B&B algorithm corresponding to the states of the MTM LWA's unit cells. Experimental results confirm the theory behind the space–time‐modulated MTM LWA in achieving DM, which is observed via both the spectral harmonic patterns and bit error rate measurements.

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Programming nonreciprocity and harmonic beam steering via a digitally space-time-coded metamaterial antenna

Vosoughitabar

2023

Sci Rep

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Recent advancement in digital coding metasurfaces incorporating spatial and temporal modulation has enabled simultaneous control of electromagnetic (EM) waves in both space and frequency domains by manipulating incident EM waves in a transmissive or reflective fashion, resulting in time-reversal asymmetry. Here we show in theory and experiment that a digitally space-time-coded metamaterial (MTM) antenna with spatiotemporal modulation at its unit cell level can be regarded as a radiating counterpart of such digital metasurface, which will enable nonreciprocal EM wave transmission and reception via surface-to-leaky-wave transformation and harmonic frequency generation. Operating in the fast wave (radiation) region, the space-time-coded MTM antenna is tailored in a way such that the propagation constant of each programmable unit cell embedded with varactor diodes can toggle between positive and negative phases, which is done through providing digital sequences by using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Owing to the time-varying coding sequence, harmonic frequencies are generated with different main beam directions. Furthermore, the space time modulation of the digitally coded MTM antenna allows for nonreciprocal transmission and reception of EM waves by breaking the time-reversal symmetry, which may enable many applications, such as simultaneous transmitting and receiving, unidirectional transmission, radar sensing, and multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) beamformer.

show abstract

Metamaterial-Enabled 2D Directional Modulation Array Transmitter for Physical Layer Security in Wireless Communication Links

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

Space-Time Digitally-Coded Metamaterial Antenna Enabled Directional Modulation for Physical Layer Security

Space-Time Digitally-Coded Metamaterial Antenna Enabled Directional Modulation for Physical Layer Security

Programming Wireless Security Through Learning‐Aided Spatiotemporal Digital Coding Metamaterial Antenna

Programming nonreciprocity and harmonic beam steering via a digitally space-time-coded metamaterial antenna

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