Metamaterial-Based Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface: 3D Meta-Atoms Controlled by Graphene Structures

Molero, Carlos; Palomares‐Caballero, Ángel; Alex‐Amor, Antonio; Parellada-Serrano, Ignacio; Gamiz, F.; Padilla, Pablo; Valenzuela-Valdés, Juan F.

doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2001161

Cited by 44 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In contrast, ray theory is valid as long as the wavelength is small compared to the dimensions of the considered objects. In electromagnetics, ray-tracing techniques have been intensively applied for the study of optical and microwave lenses, fiber optics as well as reflectarray cells [7,[94][95][96]. Moreover, ray tracing is extensively used for channel categorization in wireless communications, i.e., to estimate channel features of 5G networks [97,98] .…”

Section: Other Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, 3-D metamaterials lead to advanced functionalities that are difficult to achieve with 1-D and 2-D configurations, from which future communication systems can benefit. An example of advanced functionality is the independent control of two orthogonal polarization states, which permits that the same structure acts simultaneously as a beam scanner (splitter/steerer) and wave absorber [7]. Moreover, the efficiency can be improved in 3-D structures by avoiding the use of dielectric materials and directly considering fully-metallic implementations [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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3-D Metamaterials: Trends on Applied Designs, Computational Methods and Fabrication Techniques

Alex-Amor,

Palomares-Caballero,

Molero

2021

Preprint

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Metamaterials are artificially engineered devices that go beyond the properties of conventional materials in nature. Metamaterials allow the creation of negative refractive indexes, light trapping with epsilon-nearzero compounds, bandgap selection, superconductivity phenomena, non-Hermitian responses and, more generally, to manipulate the propagation of electromagnetic and acoustic waves. In the past, low computational resources and the lack of proper manufacturing techniques have limited the attention to 1-D and 2-D metamaterials. However, the true potential of metamaterials will be ultimately reached in 3-D configurations, when the degrees of freedom associated to the propagating direction are finally exploited in design. This is expected to lead to a new era in metamaterial field, from which future high-speed and low-latency communication networks can benefit. Here, a comprehensive overview of the past, present and future trends related to 3-D metamaterial devices is presented, focusing on efficient computational methods, innovative designs and functional manufacturing techniques.

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Section: Other Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3-D Metamaterials: Trends on Applied Designs, Computational Methods and Fabrication Techniques

Alex-Amor,

Palomares-Caballero,

Molero

2021

Preprint

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“…Specifically, NSGA-II was employed to reach our goal. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm, NSGA-II [38], was used, which is a multi-objective algorithm that has been applied in some of our previous jobs [35]. The optimization process is initialized with a random set of solutions, each one with 14 2 binary variables (0/1).…”

Section: Reflectarray Design: Numerical Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aim of the present paper is to show the functioning of the structure in the passive configuration. A future goal is to attain reconfigurability as was proposed in [35]. Reconfigurability is conceived to be via graphene oxide, which is a promising switcher.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fully Metallic Reflectarray for the Ku-Band Based on a 3D Architecture

2021

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This document presents the design and manufacture of a reflectarray (RA) antenna for the Ku-band that is based on a fully-metallic 3D architecture. The reflectarray unit cell is formed by a square-shaped waveguide section ending in a short circuit, which is the reflectarray back ground plane. Each cell has the ability of configuring the phase of its own reflected field by means of resonators perforated on the walls of the cell waveguide section. The resonator-based waveguide cell introduces the 3D character to the design. The geometry of the resonators and the size variation introduces the phase behavior of each cell, thus, conforming the radiation pattern of the reflectarray. This design explores the potential of phase value truncation (six states and two states) and demonstrates that proper pattern results can be obtained with this phase truncation.

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“…As discussed, metamaterial or patch-array-based technologies can be used to realize RISs structures. Metamaterialbased RISs can be deployed at different locations and can work as reflecting/refracting RIS between the user and base station (BS) or waveguide RIS operating at the BS [77]. A typical geometry layout of the patch-array smart surfaces based on RIS can be represented as a substrate with periodic (or quasi-periodic) unit cells.…”

Section: • Enabling Dual Function Of Reflection and Transmission •mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for 5G and beyond Wireless Communications: A Comprehensive Survey

2021

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With possible new use cases and demanding requirements of future 5th generation (5G) and beyond cellular networks, the future of mobile communications sounds promising. However, the propagation medium has been considered a randomly acting agent between the transmitter and the receiver. With the advent of the digital age of wireless communications, the received signal quality is degrading due to the uncontrollable interactions of the transmitted radio waves with the surrounding artifacts. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) and assisted application areas. With the RIS, the network operators can control radio waves’ scattering, reflection, and refraction characteristics by resolving the harmful properties of environmental wireless propagation. Further, the RIS can effectively control the wavefront, such as amplitude, phase, frequency, and even polarization, without requiring complex encoding, decoding, or radio wave processing techniques. Motivated by technological advances, the metasurfaces, reflectarrays, phase shift, and liquid crystals are potential candidates for implementing RIS. Thus, they can be considered the front runner for realizing the 5G and beyond network. Furthermore, the current research activities in the evolving field of wireless networks operated by RIS are reviewed and discussed thoroughly. Finally, to fully explore the potential of RISs in wireless networks, the fundamental research issues to be addressed have been discussed.

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Metamaterial-Based Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface: 3D Meta-Atoms Controlled by Graphene Structures

Cited by 44 publications

References 13 publications

3-D Metamaterials: Trends on Applied Designs, Computational Methods and Fabrication Techniques

3-D Metamaterials: Trends on Applied Designs, Computational Methods and Fabrication Techniques

Fully Metallic Reflectarray for the Ku-Band Based on a 3D Architecture

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for 5G and beyond Wireless Communications: A Comprehensive Survey

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