Metals Production and Metal Oxides Reduction Using Hydrogen: A Review

Rukini, A.; Rhamdhani, M. Akbar; Brooks, Geoffrey; Bulck, Amy Van den

doi:10.1007/s40831-021-00486-5

Cited by 57 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…H 2 reduction of other metals Rukini et al 207 listed some metal powders that are commercially produced using hydrogen reduction. It includes the production of refractory metals like tungsten and molybdenum obtained via solid-state reduction of their respective oxides.…”

Section: H 2 Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greener reactants, renewable energies and environmental impact mitigation strategies in pyrometallurgical processes: A review

Harvey

Courchesne

et al. 2022

MRS Energy & Sustainability

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Metals and alloys are among the most technologically important materials for our industrialized societies. They are the most common structural materials used in cars, airplanes and buildings, and constitute the technological core of most electronic devices. They allow the transportation of energy over great distances and are exploited in critical parts of renewable energy technologies. Even though primary metal production industries are mature and operate optimized pyrometallurgical processes, they extensively rely on cheap and abundant carbonaceous reactants (fossil fuels, coke), require high power heating units (which are also typically powered by fossil fuels) to calcine, roast, smelt and refine, and they generate many output streams with high residual energy content. Many unit operations also generate hazardous gaseous species on top of large CO2 emissions which require gas-scrubbing and capture strategies for the future. Therefore, there are still many opportunities to lower the environmental footprint of key pyrometallurgical operations. This paper explores the possibility to use greener reactants such as bio-fuels, bio-char, hydrogen and ammonia in different pyrometallurgical units. It also identifies all recycled streams that are available (such as steel and aluminum scraps, electronic waste and Li-ion batteries) as well as the technological challenges associated with their integration in primary metal processes. A complete discussion about the alternatives to carbon-based reduction is constructed around the use of hydrogen, metallo-reduction as well as inert anode electrometallurgy. The review work is completed with an overview of the different approaches to use renewable energies and valorize residual heat in pyrometallurgical units. Finally, strategies to mitigate environmental impacts of pyrometallurgical operations such as CO2 capture utilization and storage as well as gas scrubbing technologies are detailed. This original review paper brings together for the first time all potential strategies and efforts that could be deployed in the future to decrease the environmental footprint of the pyrometallurgical industry. It is primarily intended to favour collaborative work and establish synergies between academia, the pyrometallurgical industry, decision-makers and equipment providers. Graphical abstract Highlights A more sustainable production of metals using greener reactants, green electricity or carbon capture is possible and sometimes already underway. More investments and pressure are required to hasten change. Discussion Is there enough pressure on the aluminum and steel industries to meet the set climate targets? The greenhouse gas emissions of existing facilities can often be partly mitigated by retrofitting them with green technologies, should we close plants prematurely to build new plants using greener technologies? Since green or renewable resources presently have limited availability, in which sector should we use them to maximize their benefits?

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Section: H 2 Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greener reactants, renewable energies and environmental impact mitigation strategies in pyrometallurgical processes: A review

Harvey

Courchesne

et al. 2022

MRS Energy & Sustainability

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“…Molybdenum powder is industrially produced by reducing chemical-grade MoO 3 , obtained by roasting MoS 2 and purifying the resulting technical-grade MoO 3 , with hydrogen gas in a two-step reaction . The exothermic reduction of MoO 3 to molybdenum dioxide (MoO 2 ) is carried out at temperatures of about 773–873 K. During this step, several important product properties of the later resulting molybdenum like particle size and oxygen content are defined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ X-ray Diffraction Studies on the Production Process of Molybdenum

et al. 2022

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During the production of molybdenum, the first reduction step of molybdenum trioxide to molybdenum dioxide is crucial in directing important product properties like particle size and oxygen content. In this study, the influence of heating rate, hydrogen flow, and potassium content on the reduction of MoO3 has been investigated via in situ X-ray powder diffraction. For low heating rates, a molybdenum bronze H x MoO3 could be confirmed as an intermediate, while γ-Mo4O11 can only be observed at high heating rates. Molybdenum formation at temperatures as low as 873 K can be controlled via hydrogen flow. The potassium content of reactants has a direct influence on the amount of Mo4O11 formed during the reaction as well as rates of Mo4O11 and MoO2 formation.

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“…2,16 Generally, there are two prerequisites to achieve ultrafast gas detection: first, rapid reaction kinetics between sensing material and gas analyte, and second, rapid transduction of the above reaction into a physical character that can be detected. 17 In this work, we chose to explore the hydrogen reduction of metal oxides to realize the 1-s detection of 4% H2 under ambient conditions because (1) metal oxide reduction is autocatalytic, 18 meaning that once the reaction is initiated, it would self-accelerate and quickly complete;…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, to initiate the direct reduction of metal oxides such as PdO, CuO, Cu2O, Ag2O, and NiO by H2 is difficult at room temperature and often requires elevated temperatures to complete. [18][19][20][21][22][23] For example, the apparent activation energy for directly reducing Cu2O by H2 is about 27.4 kcal/mol, and the reduction process took ~180 min to complete, even at 230 °C. Introducing a metal (e.g., Pt, Pd, Ru)/metal oxide interface is a possible solution to accelerating the initial metal oxide reduction kinetics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafast Metal Oxide Reduction at Pd/PdO2 Interface Enables One-Second Hydrogen Gas Detection Under Ambient Conditions

Geng

Mei

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Here, we report a Pd/PdOx sensing material that achieves 1-s detection of 4% H2 gas (i.e., the lower explosive limit concentration for H2) at room temperature in air. The Pd/PdOx material is a network of interconnected nanoscopic domains of Pd, PdO, and PdO2. Upon exposure to 4% H2, PdO and PdO2 in the Pd/PdOx can be immediately reduced to metallic Pd, generating over a >90% drop in electrical resistance. The mechanistic study reveals that the Pd/PdO2 interface in Pd/PdOx is responsible for the ultrafast PdOx reduction. Metallic Pd at the Pd/PdO2 interface enables fast H2 dissociation to adsorbed H atoms, which is otherwise the rate-determining step on PdO2, significantly lowering the PdO2 reduction barrier. In addition, the interconnectivity of Pd, PdO, and PdO2 in Pd/PdOx facilitates the reduction of PdO. The 1-s response time of Pd/PdOx under ambient conditions makes it an excellent alarm for the timely detection of hydrogen gas leaks.

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Metals Production and Metal Oxides Reduction Using Hydrogen: A Review

Cited by 57 publications

References 151 publications

Greener reactants, renewable energies and environmental impact mitigation strategies in pyrometallurgical processes: A review

Greener reactants, renewable energies and environmental impact mitigation strategies in pyrometallurgical processes: A review

In Situ X-ray Diffraction Studies on the Production Process of Molybdenum

Ultrafast Metal Oxide Reduction at Pd/PdO2 Interface Enables One-Second Hydrogen Gas Detection Under Ambient Conditions

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