Metals in a northern Nile Delta lake: water, suspended particulates, sediments, and biota

Survey and assessment of metals distribution in the overlying water of the representative lake and rivers in Zhenjiang, China

“…In accordance with the methods of Yu et al [9] and Okbah et al [42], the quality of the overlaying water in the current study was further compared with that prescribed by the National Recommended Water Quality Criteria (USEPA 2009) ( Table 2). The results confirmed that the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in all the sampling sites were below their criterion maximum concentration-a measure of acute toxicity (CMC), and criterion continuous concentration-a measure of chronic toxicity (CCC) values.…”

“…Islam et al [43] found that Cr, Cu, As, Ni, Pb and Cd concentrations in winter are higher than those in summer. Okbah et al [42] observed significant variations in metal concentrations, except for Cr, between seasons. The seasonal difference in concentration might be related to the difference in the physicochemical parameters, such as pH and temperature, of overlying water.…”

Assessment of heavy metal pollution and ecological risk in river water and sediments in a historically metal mined watershed, Northeast Japan

“…where C i is the concentration of heavy metal i (μg/L) and S i is the limit set by the environmental quality standard in Japan for the ith heavy metal (Hakanson, 1980;Qu et al, 2018). Higher CF i values indicate greater pollution, and the criteria are shown in Table A.1 (Hakanson, 1980;Okbah et al, 2018;Shen et al, 2019) The heavy metal pollution index (HPI) was employed to determine the composite influence of individual heavy metals on the overall water quality (Mohan et al, 1996;Qu et al, 2018).…”