Metals determination in crude oil by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry using nanoemulsification as sample preparation

Ionic liquid assisted extraction induced by emulsion breaking for extraction of trace metals in diesel, gasoline and kerosene prior to ICP-OES analysis

“…It is important to note that the limit of detection (LOD) was chosen as one of the figures used to assess the merits of the ILA-EIEB, since it is an analytical parameter that is closely related to sensitivity. The proposed ILA-EIEB method showed 2.68, 0.03, 8.74 and 1.399 μg/L LODs for Ba, Na, Ni and V, respctively, which were quite comparable with literature reported studies [ [10] , [32] , [37] , [43] , [44] , [45] ]. Furthermore, the newly developed ILA-EIEB method was accurate (80-101) and precise (1.9-4.7) for all the invesigated metals (Ba, Na, Ni and V).…”

“…Furthermore, the newly developed ILA-EIEB method was accurate (80-101) and precise (1.9-4.7) for all the invesigated metals (Ba, Na, Ni and V). It is worthy to indicate that, several studies have reported on EIEB, where high volumes of carcinogenic organic solvents (xylene and hexane) and concentrated corrosive acids (HNO 3 and HCl) were used, making the extraction environmentally unfriendly [ 35 , [43] , [46] , [47] ]. It was also noted that, the extraction of V was challenging, and these shortcomings were reported in literature, where extraction effeciencies of 50–74% were obtained [ 10 ].…”

“… Fuel matrix Metal Detection Technique Reagents LOD (μg/L) Preconcentration Factor (PE) Accuracy (%) Precision (%) Extraction time and emulsion breaker Sample preparation Ref Bitumen Ni GFAAS 1.5 mL Toluene, 40% w/v Triton X-100 and 40% v/vHNO 3 9 NA 100 <10 Water bath 60 °C for 120 min EIEB [ 44 ] Crude oil Na ICP-OES 0.8g Triton X-100, 0.6 mL xylene and 1 mL conc. HNO 3 9.8 NA 92.8–102.2 3.5–10.9 Water bath for 5 min at 80 °C EIEB [ 43 ] Diesel Ni EAAS 7% w/v Triton X-100, 10 mL diesel and 10% v/v HNO 3 145 5 85.2–109 8.8 Water bath 80 °C EIEB [ 32 ] Off-shore Brazilian crude oil Ni and V GF-AAS 20% (w/v) Triton X-114 and 6.5 mol L −1 HNO 3 NA NA Ni (82–103%) and V (50–74%) NA Water bath at 90 °C for 40 min and centrifugation for 15 min for 500 rpm EIEB [ 10 ] Diesel Ni …”

Microwave-assisted hydrogen peroxide digestion followed by ICP-OES for determination of metals in selected fuel oils

“…The most optimum digestion conditions were predicted to be 0.1 g sample mass, 245 °C digestion time, 25 min digestion time and 5 M of H 2 O 2 based on the quadratic equations and the surface plots obtained from the Minitab 18 software. The response optimiser was also used to predict the optimum conditions of microwave digestion and the findings were in agreement with quadratic equations and the surface plots results 31 . The response surface obtained from Minitab 2018 conditions indicated good accuracy of 106.8, 111.7, 90.0 and 109.8% for Ba, Na, Ni and V at 95% confidence level with precision of 2.9, 0.8, 2.7 and 4.1 for Ba, Na, Ni and V, respectively (results A).…”

Utilization of carica papaya seeds as natural coagulants for turbidity removal from wastewater

“…Both rural and urban inhabitants in Africa lack access to safe drinking water. The majority of turbidity-related issues will be alleviated by removing colloidal and suspended particles from the water (Vieira Luiza, et al, 2019). The majority of particles are too tiny to settle by weight and are able to pass through the pores of the majority of lters.…”