Metallurgical and Mechanical Evaluation of 4340 Steel Produced by Direct Metal Laser Sintering

Jelis, Elias; Clemente, Matthew; Kerwien, Stacey; Ravindra, Nuggehalli M.; Hespos, Michael R.

doi:10.1007/s11837-014-1273-8

Cited by 60 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Some studies indicate that certain powders can be recycled many times without affecting the mechanical properties of the final part [Jelis et al, 2015]. Tang et al [2015] studied the recycling of titanium alloy powder (Ti-6Al-4V) used in the electron beam melting (EBM) process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of powder recycling on stainless steel powder and built material properties in metal powder bed fusion processes

Jacob¹,

Brown²,

Donmez³

et al. 2017

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A series of 11 identical laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF) builds were completed with varying amounts of virgin and recycled nitrogen gas atomized S17-4 PH stainless steel powder following a specific powder recycling strategy that simulates industrial practice. Mechanical properties of parts were evaluated using tensile and hardness tests. Recycled powder properties, such as particle size distribution, flowability, chemical composition, and microstructure were evaluated. The recycled powder showed no significant changes in its particle size (PS), particle size distribution (PSD), and particle shape but apparent density and powder bed density increased while flow time improved. Recycling the powder in a nitrogen atmosphere caused a slight increase of the martensitic-ferritic phase in the predominately austenitic S17-4 PH powder. Laser-based PBF fabricated austeniticmartensitic-ferritic S17-4 PH showed a ratio of approximately 1:1 between austenitic and martensitic-ferritic phases. The specimens were heat treated for stress relief. Tensile tests on the specimens did not show dramatic change in the tensile properties with recycling up to 11 times. The fine dendritic austenitic-martensitic-ferritic microstructure of the heattreated S17-4-PH reached a 0.2 % offset yield strength (YS0.2) above 520 MPa, and an elongation after fracture (A) of 28 %. Mechanical and material properties from specimens fabricated from powder recycled up to 11 times were similar to specimens fabricated from virgin powder.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of powder recycling on stainless steel powder and built material properties in metal powder bed fusion processes

Jacob¹,

Brown²,

Donmez³

et al. 2017

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“…Aluminum 6061 [89] Al-Si-10Mg [90,91] Titanium Ti-6Al-4V [19,[92][93][94] CP Ti [95] TiAl [96] Stainless steels 304/304L [13,97,98] 316/316L [99][100][101] 420 [13,102] 17-4 PH [103] Tool steels H13 [13,104] 4340 [105] M2 [13] Superalloys IN625 [106] IN718 [79] IN738 [20] Invar 36 [101,107] Refractory alloys Ta [108] CoCrMo [109] VC [98] High-entropy alloys FeCrCoMnNi [110] AlCoFeNiSmTiVZr [111] Reproduced with permission. [29] Copyright 2014, Elsevier.…”

Section: Microstructure Of Am Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser‐Based Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Aerospace Applications

2019

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is a transformative technology that has rapidly grown over the past decade. AM processes build parts layer by layer and have found applications in the aerospace, biomedical, and automotive fields. The technology holds particular promise for the aerospace industry due to the reduced process time, weight savings of parts, and opportunities for new material development. Herein, a review of laser-based AM processes, existing AM systems, and aerospace parts being fabricated is presented. It further explores the material properties and microstructure of printed samples with both powder bed fusion and direct energy deposition processes. The benefits and challenges associated with the widespread use of the technology are discussed with emphases on the aerospace sector. Finally, the steps required for parts produced by AM processes to become certified for use in aerospace applications are presented.

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“…For metallic materials, it is generally implemented by selective melting of powder with laser or electron beams [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Many kinds of metallic powder have been tested for application in mechanical or functional parts [3,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] and a few new alloys dedicated to AM are being developed [14,21,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro-Texture Analyses of a Cold-Work Tool Steel for Additive Manufacturing

et al. 2020

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Small objects of an alloy tool steel were built by selective laser melting at different scan speeds, and their microstructures were analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). To present an explicit correlation with the local thermal cycles in the objects, prior austenite grains were reconstructed using the EBSD mapping data. Extensive growth of austenitic grains after solidification could be detected by the disagreement between the networks of carbides and austenite grain boundaries. A rapid laser scan at 2000 mm/s led to less growth, but retained a larger amount of austenite than a slow one at 50 mm/s. The rapid scan also exhibited definite evolution of Goss-type textures in austenite, which could be attributed to the growth of austenitic grains under a steep temperature gradient. The local variations in the microstructures and the textures enabled us to speculate the locally different thermal cycles determined by the different process conditions, that is, scan speeds.

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Metallurgical and Mechanical Evaluation of 4340 Steel Produced by Direct Metal Laser Sintering

Cited by 60 publications

References 15 publications

Effects of powder recycling on stainless steel powder and built material properties in metal powder bed fusion processes

Effects of powder recycling on stainless steel powder and built material properties in metal powder bed fusion processes

Laser‐Based Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Aerospace Applications

Micro-Texture Analyses of a Cold-Work Tool Steel for Additive Manufacturing

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