Metallothionein 2A genetic polymorphisms and risk of prostate cancer in a Polish population

The effect of metallothionein 2A core promoter region single-nucleotide polymorphism on accumulation of toxic metals in sinonasal inverted papilloma tissues

“…fresh or paraffin-embedded tumor samples, cell cultures, blood or plasma and the use of different cellular neoplasms models in vitro, which must have an impact on the final conclusions (Ahamed and Alhadlaq, 2014;Forma et al, 2012;Krześlak et al, 2013Krześlak et al, , 2014Pasha et al, 2008;Theocharis et al, 2011;Yaman, 2006;Yaman et al, 2007). It should be noted, however, that formalin-fixed and fresh tissues yielded virtually the same results for most of trace metals in human tissues and give more comparable and reliable data in comparison with other sample types.…”

“…In conclusion, these studies imply that the presence of the G allele in the core promoter region of the MT2A gene may be an indicator of higher sensitivity for metal toxicity and carcinogenicity, as well as a useful potential marker for patients with increased risk of tumor (Forma et al, 2012;Kayaalti et al, 2010Kayaalti et al, , 2011Krześlak et al, 2013Krześlak et al, , 2014Seibold et al, 2011).…”

“…The literature provides numerous studies investigating the toxic and tumorigenic potential of metallic agents, heavy metals and their compounds in cancerous diseases, which confirm their association with progression of neoplastic processes (Ahamed and Alhadlaq, 2014; Krześlak Unfortunately, despite much research on the contribution of MT2A isoforms to tumorigenesis and behavior of various human cancers as well as patient prognosis, a literature review often demonstrates contradictory results and ambiguous conclusions (Forma et al, 2012;Kita et al, 2006;Krześlak et al, 2014Krześlak et al, , 2013Mehus et al, 2014;Pedersen et al, 2009). Most studies introduce some evidence for an association of increased MT1/MT2 isoform expression in neoplastic lesions with such clinicopathological parameters as higher stage and local tumor extension, lower grade and increased patient mortality.…”

“…It has been proven that the presence of singlenucleotide polymorphisms in MT genes near the TATA box, the carriage of different genotypes and the expression of various MT isoforms may affect the risk and prognosis of neoplasms of various origin (Forma et al, 2012;Kayaalti et al, 2010Kayaalti et al, , 2011Krześlak et al, 2013Krześlak et al, , 2014Mehus et al, 2014;Pedersen et al, 2009;Starska et al, 2014b). MT2A is the most widely expressed isoform (Krześlak et al, 2013(Krześlak et al, , 2014Mehus et al, 2014;Pedersen et al, 2009).…”

“…The conversion of nucleotide A to G in the core promoter region of the MT2A gene may reduce the effectiveness of MT gene transcription induced by metallic agents or toxic metals, which may consequently lead to an increase in sensitivity to metal toxicity, and may enable the use of MT issue in evaluating the risk of tumors of various origin(Forma et al, 2012;Kita et al, 2006;Krześlak et al, 2014Krześlak et al, , 2013Mehus et al, 2014;Pedersen et al, 2009).…”