Metallography and microstructure interpretation of some archaeological tin bronze vessels from Iran

Oudbashi, Omid; Davami, P.

doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2014.09.007

Cited by 43 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This is in contrast to Merideth (1998), who establishes that ideal arsenic content is 5-7 per cent, which will result in a much harder and more durable metal than smelted copper when cold worked at under 300˚C. The desired amount of tin in bronze is also inconsistent across sources, with proposed optimal amounts of 7-8 per cent (Primas 2003), 10 per cent (Cierny and Weisgerber 2003) and 18 per cent (Oudbashi and Davami 2014).…”

Section: Properties Of Arsenic and Tin Bronzementioning

confidence: 93%

“…Arsenic bronze was the first form of bronze to be created and widely used, later followed by tin bronze. There are two main theories about how arsenic came to be alloyed with copper: the copper deposits mined already had arsenic present or arsenic was mined separately and co-smelted (Merideth 1998;Oudbashi and Davami 2014). It is likely that both of these events occurred as copper ores containing arsenic do occur, and so could have been accidentally incorporated this way.…”

Section: Properties Of Arsenic and Tin Bronzementioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental and health effects of early copper metallurgy and mining in the Bronze Age

Martin¹

2017

The Human Voyage

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Copper was a vital metal to the development of the Bronze Age in Europe and the Middle East. Many mine locations and mining techniques were developed to source the copper and other elements needed for the production of arsenic or tin bronze. Mining came with many associated health risks, from the immediate risk of collapse to eventual death from heavy metal poisoning. Severe environmental pollution from mining and smelting occurred, affecting the local mining community with effects that can still be felt today. This essay aims to establish that copper mining and manufacture had dramatic effects on the environment and health of people living in Europe and the Middle East during the Bronze Age. It goes on to speculate that heavy metal poisoning may have contributed to the increase in fractures seen between the Neolithic and Bronze Age.

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Section: Properties Of Arsenic and Tin Bronzementioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Properties Of Arsenic and Tin Bronzementioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and health effects of early copper metallurgy and mining in the Bronze Age

Martin¹

2017

The Human Voyage

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“…The variety of tin content proves that the objects have not been made by a particular alloy proportion to reach a homogenous bronze composition such as adding a distinct amount of tin to copper and melting them, but an uncontrolled process is used to produce tin bronze alloy, such as co-smelting, cementation, recycling or smelting copper-tin containing ores [3,12,19,20]. The variability of tin content is commonplace in the study of the Iron Age bronze objects of Iran, especially in Luristan bronzes.…”

Section: Alloy Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the large scale of bronze objects related to Luristan, there exist a limited number of investigations about technology and metallurgy of bronze objects from this region [8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this purpose, some small metallic pieces were selected and examined by microscopic and microanalysis methods to characterize microstructural features of ancient bronze artefacts. The importance of this type of research is that only a few excavated bronze objects from Luristan are analyzed till now [10][11][12], and results of analysis such artefacts can be used as a baseline to compare many looted bronze objects available in different museums for authentication and provenance purposes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microscopic study on some Iron Age bronze objects from Western Iran

Oudbashi

Hasanpour

2016

Herit Sci

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Background: A microscopic study on ancient metals was established to identify chemical composition and microstructure of archaeological tin bronze objects. For this purpose, ten small bronze pieces from Baba Jilan Iron Age site, western Iran, were selected and studied by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) methods. Results:The results showed that all objects were made of variable tin containing binary copper-tin alloy. It may be related to the application of an uncontrolled procedure to make bronze alloy. In some samples, lead and arsenic are detected as major elements, but they can be considered rather as impurities from the original ores. Different microstructural features such as elongated Cu-S inclusions as well as Pb globules are visible in the bronze matrix. Based on the metallographic examination, the bronze pieces are shaped by cycles of cold-working and annealing. Conclusion:The microstructure of Baba Jilan bronze objects is similar to other Iron Age bronze artefacts from different regions of Iran. In fact, process of bronze production in the Iron Age of Iran was to produce bronze alloy with different amounts of tin and without any third alloying element, using copper sulphidic or a mixture of copper sulphidic and oxidic ores to smelting copper, and applying working and heat treatment to shape and manufacture thin sheet objects.

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Characterization of Ag and Au nanolayers on Cu alloys by TLC, SEM‐EDS, and ICP‐OES

Rezić

Špehar

Jakovljević

2016

Materials & Corrosion

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This paper reports a study on four historical samples from 19th century originating from Croatia, Europe, made of silver plated and gilded copper alloys. The investigation was carried out by chromatographic, spectroscopic, and microscopic techniques. Corrosion was identified in all samples by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), although the samples were in well-preserved states. EDS has given the following average composition of elements Ag (82.99, 4.74, 6.34,and 15.54 wt% in samples 1-4, respectively), Au (17.01 wt% in sample 1), and Cu (0, 95.26, 93.66, and 84.46 wt% in samples 1-4, respectively) for the outer layers of the samples.The exact sample elemental composition was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES): 0.12, 0.22, 0.68, and 1.20 wt% Ag in samples 1-4, respectively and 0.02 wt% Au in sample 2, all on Cu alloys with impurities of Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Si, Sn, and Zn (in quantities 0.05-1.48 wt%). Preliminary detection of metals was performed by thin-layer chromatography. Results of determined chemical composition were consistent with similar investigations, since silver-plated and gilded Cu alloys were the materials used in the production of similar samples through the history.

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Metallography and microstructure interpretation of some archaeological tin bronze vessels from Iran

Cited by 43 publications

References 27 publications

Environmental and health effects of early copper metallurgy and mining in the Bronze Age

Environmental and health effects of early copper metallurgy and mining in the Bronze Age

Microscopic study on some Iron Age bronze objects from Western Iran

Characterization of Ag and Au nanolayers on Cu alloys by TLC, SEM‐EDS, and ICP‐OES

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