“…P2 p and Ni2 p peaks occur due to the use of hypophosphate as reducing agent and electroless Ni plating, respectively. Sn and Pd are not observed since the surface was fully dense in contrast to the literature [14], where foam substrates were examined after the final plating step. However, XPS measurements of this study where performed after acceleration and electroless Ni plating.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 90%
“…However, XPS measurements of this study where performed after acceleration and electroless Ni plating. Thus, presented graphs in Figure 10 display intermediate process results which explains the absence of any Cu peaks while the literature contains results after the final step for foam substrates [14]. Figure 10 Examination of the effect of acceleration process on the electroless Ni coating by XPS.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Major drawbacks of these composites are low life-cycles, high coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE), high costs and waste occurence [13]. Thus, researchers are focused on the development of Ni lay-up tools via electrochemical methods since Ni has a rather mediocre CTE and is reliable under harsh environmental conditions [14]. Additionally, other important concerns about the tooling material are the thermal cycle durability and wear resistance [15].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…After sensitization, the surface was metallized with palladium (Pd) by oxidizing normalSn2+ to normalSn4+ and reducing normalPd2+ ions to Pd atoms using an activation solution since Ni tools have superior properties such as resistance to corrosion and minor scratches [22–26]. Additionally, Ni tools may be fabricated with micrometer level sensitivity and very low residual stresses via electroforming [14, 27–33].…”
The main scope of this work is the metallization of high density Acryonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) surfaces for aerospace applications. Originality and main focused area of the study is to grasp the mechanism of physical properties of the surface and the effect of wet chemical processes on the surface of the ABS substrate. After surface sensitization and metallization with nano-sized ions, the polyurethane surface is metallized and nickel (Ni) coated with electroless and elecrolytic Ni plating processes. The ultimate goal of these advances is the production of composite lay-up tools for the production of primary and secondary composite aircraft parts from nanoscale to macro level. Composite lay-up tool requirements of the aerospace industry include a minimum thickness of 5 mm, acceptability of airtightness testing and reduced surface roughness. Results show that increasing current density adversely affects the surface morphology and metallization processes enhance the surface conductivity of the foam.
“…P2 p and Ni2 p peaks occur due to the use of hypophosphate as reducing agent and electroless Ni plating, respectively. Sn and Pd are not observed since the surface was fully dense in contrast to the literature [14], where foam substrates were examined after the final plating step. However, XPS measurements of this study where performed after acceleration and electroless Ni plating.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 90%
“…However, XPS measurements of this study where performed after acceleration and electroless Ni plating. Thus, presented graphs in Figure 10 display intermediate process results which explains the absence of any Cu peaks while the literature contains results after the final step for foam substrates [14]. Figure 10 Examination of the effect of acceleration process on the electroless Ni coating by XPS.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Major drawbacks of these composites are low life-cycles, high coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE), high costs and waste occurence [13]. Thus, researchers are focused on the development of Ni lay-up tools via electrochemical methods since Ni has a rather mediocre CTE and is reliable under harsh environmental conditions [14]. Additionally, other important concerns about the tooling material are the thermal cycle durability and wear resistance [15].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…After sensitization, the surface was metallized with palladium (Pd) by oxidizing normalSn2+ to normalSn4+ and reducing normalPd2+ ions to Pd atoms using an activation solution since Ni tools have superior properties such as resistance to corrosion and minor scratches [22–26]. Additionally, Ni tools may be fabricated with micrometer level sensitivity and very low residual stresses via electroforming [14, 27–33].…”
The main scope of this work is the metallization of high density Acryonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) surfaces for aerospace applications. Originality and main focused area of the study is to grasp the mechanism of physical properties of the surface and the effect of wet chemical processes on the surface of the ABS substrate. After surface sensitization and metallization with nano-sized ions, the polyurethane surface is metallized and nickel (Ni) coated with electroless and elecrolytic Ni plating processes. The ultimate goal of these advances is the production of composite lay-up tools for the production of primary and secondary composite aircraft parts from nanoscale to macro level. Composite lay-up tool requirements of the aerospace industry include a minimum thickness of 5 mm, acceptability of airtightness testing and reduced surface roughness. Results show that increasing current density adversely affects the surface morphology and metallization processes enhance the surface conductivity of the foam.
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