“…However, their high cost and scarcity limit their large-scale applications. Therefore, various materials, including graphene, carbon nanotubes [15], transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) [16][17][18][19][20][21][22], transition metal oxides [23,24], transition-metal carbides (TMCs) [25][26][27][28][29], transition-metal phosphides [29][30][31][32], organic polymers [33,34], and nitrides, have been extensively investigated for replacing expensive Pt-based materials in HER.…”