Metal source and the origin of the Darıderesi Pb-Zn (Ag) veins in the Balya Mining District, NW Türkiye: constraints from ore mineral chemistry, fluid inclusions and S-Pb isotopic signatures

Oyman, Tolga; Bozan, Sercan; Çiçek, Mustafa; Chiaradia, Massimo; Kuşcu, İ̇lkay

doi:10.1080/27669645.2023.2241217

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 78 publications

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“…When differentiating between ore deposits from sedimentary and igneous settings, it is important to approach the use of sulfur isotopes with caution due to the substantial overlap seen in δ 34 S values (Figure 10a). This occurrence may be attributed to the significant deposition of sulfide and sulfate minerals from the hydrothermal fluids during the mineralization process [61]. Figure 11 revealed that the studied Yolindi Cu-Fe skarn mineralization shares similarities with various other deposits, namely the Çataltepe deposits in Turkey [62], Fırıncıkdere in Kalkım in Turkey [63], Mazraeh in NW Iran [60], Ditto in Japan [64], Shenshan in NE China [65], and Velardeña in Mexico [66] (Figure 11).…”

Section: Sulfur Isotopic Compositions and Their Geological Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Sulfur and Carbon–Oxygen Isotopic Geochemistry and Fluid Inclusion Characteristics of the Yolindi Cu-Fe Skarn Mineralization, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey: Implications for the Source and Evolution of Hydrothermal Fluids

Kaya,

Kumral,

Yalçın

et al. 2023

Minerals

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The current study sought to investigate the physiochemical conditions and fluid evolution within the Yolindi Cu-Fe skarn mineralization located in the Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey. This was accomplished through a comprehensive investigation of geological and mineralogical data, along with isotopic analyses of sulfur (δ34S), carbon (δ13C), and oxygen (δ18O) of sulfide and calcite minerals, respectively, as well as fluid inclusion data pertaining to various minerals (e.g., andradite, quartz, and calcite). The Yolindi area features a complex geological framework, including the Paleozoic Kalabak Group (which includes the Torasan, Yolindi, and Sazak formations) and the Triassic Karakaya Complex. These formations were subsequently intruded via Early Miocene Şaroluk granitoids and Hallaçlar volcanics. Skarn formation is zoned into endoskarn and exoskarn types (being categorized into proximal, intermediate, and distal zones), with distinct mineral assemblages indicating concentric and contact metamorphic alteration patterns around the western part of Şaroluk granitoid intrusion in contact with the Torasan formation. The ore mineralogy and paragenesis suggest three distinct stages of evolution: an initial phase of prograde metasomatism characterized by the formation of magnetite and pyrite alongside anhydrous calc-silicate minerals; a subsequent phase of retrograde alteration marked by the formation of epidote, actinolite, and scapolite, accompanied by the occurrence of chalcopyrite and specular hematite; and finally, a post-metasomatic stage involving oxidation processes that led to the development of secondary mineral assemblages containing cerussite, covellite, and malachite. Sulfur isotopes (δ34S) of sulfides from endoskarn (from +0.27 to +0.57‰VCDT) to intermediate exoskarn (from −9.44 to −5.46‰VCDT) zones indicate a diverse sulfur source, including magmatic, sedimentary, and possibly organic matter. δ34S values in hydrothermal fluids suggest a magmatic–hydrothermal origin, with endoskarn and proximal zone fluids showing a slight negative signature and intermediate zone fluids indicating a strong influence from organic-rich or metamorphic sulfur reservoirs. Carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ13C and δ18O) of calcite revealed a progression from marine carbonate signatures in marble samples (from +1.89 to +2.23‰VPDB; from +21.61 to +21.73‰VSMOW) to depleted values in prograde (from −6.0 to +0.09‰VPDB; from +6.22 to +18.14‰VSMOW) and retrograde skarns (from −3.8 to −2.25‰VPDB; from +0.94 to +3.62‰VSMOW), reflecting interactions with high-temperature magmatic fluids and meteoric water mixing. The fluid inclusions in prograde minerals generated under the conditions of fluid boiling exhibited high temperatures, reaching up to 412 °C, and salinities up to 26 wt.% NaCl equivalent. Conversely, the fluid inclusions in retrograde minerals, which were generated due to fluid mixing, exhibited lower temperatures (with an average of 318 °C) and salinities with an average of 4.9 wt.% NaCl equivalent. This indicated that the cooler and more diluted fluids mix with meteoric waters and interact with organic materials in the host rocks. This suggests a multifaceted origin involving various sources and processes. Therefore, this study concluded that the skarn mineralization in the Yolindi area resulted from complex interactions between magmatic, metamorphic, and meteoric fluids, reflecting a dynamic ore-forming environment with implications for the regional metallogeny of Cu-Fe skarn deposits.

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Section: Sulfur Isotopic Compositions and Their Geological Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Sulfur and Carbon–Oxygen Isotopic Geochemistry and Fluid Inclusion Characteristics of the Yolindi Cu-Fe Skarn Mineralization, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey: Implications for the Source and Evolution of Hydrothermal Fluids

Kaya,

Kumral,

Yalçın

et al. 2023

Minerals

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Physicochemical conditions of the evolution of the volcanic-hosted Zn-Pb ± Cu epi-mesothermal vein-type deposit and its contribution to the understanding of western Anatolian metallogeny, NW Turkey

Javid,

Çiftçi,

Abdelnasser

2023

Geochemistry

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Metal source and the origin of the Darıderesi Pb-Zn (Ag) veins in the Balya Mining District, NW Türkiye: constraints from ore mineral chemistry, fluid inclusions and S-Pb isotopic signatures

Cited by 2 publications

References 78 publications

Sulfur and Carbon–Oxygen Isotopic Geochemistry and Fluid Inclusion Characteristics of the Yolindi Cu-Fe Skarn Mineralization, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey: Implications for the Source and Evolution of Hydrothermal Fluids

Sulfur and Carbon–Oxygen Isotopic Geochemistry and Fluid Inclusion Characteristics of the Yolindi Cu-Fe Skarn Mineralization, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey: Implications for the Source and Evolution of Hydrothermal Fluids

Physicochemical conditions of the evolution of the volcanic-hosted Zn-Pb ± Cu epi-mesothermal vein-type deposit and its contribution to the understanding of western Anatolian metallogeny, NW Turkey

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