Metal Oxides and Oxysalts as Anode Materials for Li Ion Batteries

Abstract

cyclability. In addition, as can be expected, the techniques and methodology of nanotechnology have been employed to prepare many simple and complex compounds, including oxides, and have been studied for Li cycling via various mechanisms. As a result of the research on alternative anodes for LIBs, the materials chemistry and electrochemistry of these materials have been enhanced and enriched very significantly during the past decade. 1.6. Scope of the Review and NomenclatureMetal-containing compounds in the form of oxides and oxysalts, such as, oxyfluorides, oxyhydroxide, phosphates, carbonates, and oxalates, are discussed in this review. These include bulk (micrometer-size) particles, nanosize particles, or agglomerates with various morphologies, thin films, and carbon, CNT, or graphene/metal oxide composites. The latter may contain electrochemically -active or −inactive additives. Metalcontaining compounds in the form of fluorides, 147,148 sulfides, 148 selenides, 136 nitrides, 148−151 phosphides 136,148 and antimonides 136 are omitted, even though good amount of work is available in the literature.As mentioned earlier, several review articles have appeared over the years, summarizing the situation. While there are only nine reviews 6,7,115,152−157 prior to 2006, there are more than 40 articles in the last 5 years that directly or indirectly described and discussed Li storage and cycling of oxide and oxide-related materials, in the form of Feature articles, Accounts, Perspectives, and Mini-and regular reviews. Many of these are listed in the references. 8,73,102,136,146,148,158−199 In brief, discussions were made on layered vanadium oxides by Cavana et al., 165 molybdenum oxides by Cavana et al. 165 and Ellefson et al., 200 TiO 2 -based nanostructures and their composite oxides by

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High‐Density Microporous Li4Ti5O12 Microbars with Superior Rate Performance for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

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