Metal Oxide Particle Emissions from Diesel and Petrol Engines

Mayer, Andreas; Czerwiński, Jan; Kasper, Markus; Ulrich, Andrea; Mooney, John J.

doi:10.4271/2012-01-0841

Cited by 47 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Studies for gasoline-fueled internal combustion engines point out that this vehicle class can emit remarkable amounts of particles, up to 10 8 particles/cm 3 in certain cases [1][2][3]. Especially gasoline direct injection (GDI) technology shows particle number (PN) emissions significantly higher than modern diesel cars equipped with best available diesel particle filter technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Effects in Lung Cells In Vitro of Exhaust Aerosols from a Gasoline Passenger Car With and Without Particle Filter

Bisig

Steiner

Comte

et al. 2015

Emiss. Control Sci. Technol.

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Exhaust aerosol from gasoline passenger cars is a complex mixture of a particulate fraction as well as volatile compounds. In contrary to the observed adverse effects of diesel exhaust particles the gasoline exhaust has, however, received little attention so far. The aim of this study was to perform a comparison of exhaust composition and biological responses from freshly produced non-filtered exhaust as well as from exhaust filtered with a noncoated gasoline particle filter (GPF). A 3D model of the human epithelial airway barrier was exposed to the exhaust directly at the air-liquid interface and different effects such as cytotoxicity, antioxidative response, pro-inflammation, and activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) were studied. In addition, genotoxicity was assessed using the Ames test. By an online analysis of the exhaust, it has been shown that the GPF efficiently filters the particle count in both the cold and warm phase when the new European driving cycle (NEDC) was applied. The lung cell tests revealed that the use of the GPF increased the antioxidative glutathionine (GSH) response as well as the proinflammatory potential, i.e., IL-8, expression, indicating increased cell stimulation by the volatile compounds alone. The removal of the particulate fraction, however, decreased significantly the AhR activation in comparison to unfiltered exhaust, and the exhaust genotoxicity was reduced as tested by the Ames test. In conclusion, GPF exhaust did not completely reduce the adverse effects of gasoline exhaust in the in vitro test and further experiments with a coated GPF are needed in the future.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Effects in Lung Cells In Vitro of Exhaust Aerosols from a Gasoline Passenger Car With and Without Particle Filter

Bisig

Steiner

Comte

et al. 2015

Emiss. Control Sci. Technol.

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“…G-PFIs have higher sub-23 nm fraction but lower emissions in absolute levels. Other researchers have found high percentages of sub-23 nm particles (Gidney et al 2010;Mayer et al 2010Mayer et al , 2012. Alanen et al (2015) measured high concentration of solid sub-10 nm particles downstream from a thermodenuder with a 1999 gasoline engine using natural gas.…”

Section: Sub-23 Nm Fraction Of Solid Particlesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Investigation of vehicle exhaust sub-23 nm particle emissions

Giechaskiel

Vanhanen²,

Väkevä³

et al. 2017

Aerosol Science and Technology

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A solid particle number limit was applied to the European legislation for diesel vehicles in 2011. Extension to gasoline direct injection vehicles raised concerns because many studies found particles below the lower size limit of the method (23 nm). Here we investigated experimentally the feasibility of lowering this size. A nano condensation nucleus counter system (nCNC) (d 50% D 1.3 nm) was used in parallel with condensation particle counters (CPCs) (d 50% D 3 nm, 10 nm and 23 nm) at various sampling systems based on ejector or rotating disk diluters and having thermal pre-treatment systems consisting of evaporation tubes or catalytic strippers. An engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS) measured the particle size distributions. Depending on the losses and thermal pre-treatment of the sampling system, differences of up to 150% could be seen on the final detected particle concentrations when including the particles smaller than 23 nm in diameter. A volatile artefact as particles with diameters below 10 nm was at times observed during the cold start measurements of a 2-stroke moped. The diesel vehicles equipped with the Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) had a low solid sub-23 nm particles fraction (<20%), the gasoline with direct injection vehicles had higher (35-50%), the gasoline vehicles with port fuel injection and the two mopeds (two and four-stroke) had the majority of particles below 23 nm. The size distributions peaked at 60-80 nm for the DPF equipped vehicles, at 40-90 nm for the gasoline vehicles with a separate nucleation mode peak at approximately 10 nm sometimes. Mopeds peaked at sizes below 50 nm when their aerosol was thermally pre-treated.

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“…Biodiesel blend can be used as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. [40,41] Emission of Nano solid particles affects human systems. Studies show that all internal combustion engines without filtering components emits toxic materials.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of Exhaust from Gasoline and Diesel Engines

Abitha¹

2016

JAMES

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Typical road, rail, air and water transport results in exhausts that are harmful to living beings. Hence the pollutants must be filtered before it is released into the atmosphere. Various filtering methods are implemented to decontaminate the pollutant substances such as nitrogen, sulphur and carbon. Several approaches are enacted by the government too where the vehicles are permitted to discharge the exhaust within the specified limits. When these limits are strictly followed, air pollution can be limited to a certain extend. Still these approaches may not be utmost effective, unless the exhausts are filtered and thus this article deals with the available filtering techniques. Since nitrogen oxide is the most pollutant substance among other emissions, methods like Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF), Lean Nitrogen Oxides Trap (LNT) techniques etc. are carried out to eliminate it.

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Metal Oxide Particle Emissions from Diesel and Petrol Engines

Abstract: All internal combustion piston engines emit solid nanoparticles. Some are soot particles resulting from incomplete combustion of fuels, or lube oil. Some particles are metal compounds, most probably metal oxides. A major

Cited by 47 publications

References 6 publications

Biological Effects in Lung Cells In Vitro of Exhaust Aerosols from a Gasoline Passenger Car With and Without Particle Filter

Biological Effects in Lung Cells In Vitro of Exhaust Aerosols from a Gasoline Passenger Car With and Without Particle Filter

Investigation of vehicle exhaust sub-23 nm particle emissions

Prevention of Exhaust from Gasoline and Diesel Engines

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