Five chiral and achiral copper(II) carboxyphosphonates, namely, (2,2′-bipy)(H 2 O)] (1: R-1 and S-1), (1,10-phen)]•H 2 O (5), had been hydrothermally synthesized. Among them, 1 showed an unexpected 1D chiral helical chain from achiral carboxyphosphonate ligand by spontaneous resolution. In 2, the interconnection of {CuN 2 O 3 }, {CuO 4 }, and {CPO 3 } polyhedra formed a 1D chain. Such chains were further connected to a 2D layer through the carboxyphosphonates ligands. Compounds 3 and 4 were isostructural and exhibited a 2D layer, which was constructed from {CuO 3 N 2 }/ {CuO 4 } polyhedra and the carboxyphosphonate ligands. In 5, the interconnection of neighboring {CuN 2 O 3 } polyhedra formed a dimer. These dimers were connected with the carboxyphosphonate ligands to form a chain. Interestingly, the homochiral copper(II) phosphonate (R-1 or S-1) could be obtained by utilizing the (+)-cinchonine or (−)-cinchonidine as a chiral-inducing agent, confirmed by CD spectra. Besides, the surface photovoltage (SPV) properties of 1− 5 revealed that they had positive SPV responses. The magnetic data indicated that 1, 2, 4, and 5 showed the presence of ferromagnetic couplings between magnetic centers.