Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) Applied to Photocatalytic Organic Transformations

Abstract

<jats:p>Among the different alternatives for catalysis using metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) or covalent organic frameworks (COFs), photocatalysis has remarkably evolved during the last decade. Photocatalytic reticular materials allowed recyclability and easy separation of catalyst from the product, also reaching the activity and selectivity commonly observed for molecular systems. Recently, photocatalytic MOFs and COFs have been applied to synthetic applications in order to obtain organic molecules of different complexity. However, although a good number of works have been devoted to this issue, an updated comprehensive revision on this field is still needed. The aim of this review was to fill this gap covering the following three general aspects: (1) common strategies on the design of reticular photocatalytic materials, (2) a comprehensive discussion of the photocatalytic organic reactions achieved by the use of COFs and MOFs, and (3) some critical considerations highlighting directions that should be considered in order to make advances in the study of photocatalytic COFs and MOFs.</jats:p>

Metal-Free Photocatalysis: Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial Connection toward Advanced Organic Synthesis

“… 65 , 67 Thus, 2D-COFs could lead to the development of photoactive materials for optoelectronics, photovoltaics, and visible light photocatalysis. 67 − 70 For COFs, the 2D versus 3D distinction is easier to define because it evolves from the simplified symmetry of the specific building blocks used to construct the framework. 64 In general, 2D-COFs exhibit a richer topology than other 2D materials ( i.e ., hexagonal or tetragonal geometries of different sizes), leading to increasing interest in the development of synthetic strategies for the next generation of materials.…”

Magnetic metal–organic framework composites: structurally advanced catalytic materials for organic transformations

“…In recent years, use of MOFs as active photocatalysts has considerably garnered the attention of scientists across the globe as evident from some critical reviews already reported in literature. 12,26 In order to drive photocatalytic reactions, different functional units are incorporated into MOFs which apart from harvesting light energy also simultaneously catalyzes the reaction. MOFs offer an additional advantage of excitation via metal-oxo clusters and ligand-to-metal charge transfer.…”

“…[1][2][3][4] The availability of virtually infinite choice of spacers to build MOF offers commercial opportunity to imaginative chemists that harness their versatile chemistries in a plethora of potential applications including water remediation, catalysis, gas storage or separation, photoluminescence, photocatalysis, sensors, drug storage and delivery, imaging, molecular sensing, gas capture and degradation of harmful chemical warfare agents. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Amongst them, catalysis represents one of the most distinct and dynamic arenas of MOFs. The catalytic behavior of MOFs arises from both metal centers and organic linkers.…”

Photocatalytic Oxidation Reactions Mediated by Covalent Organic Frameworks and Related Extended Organic Materials

“…Another family of materials closely related are Covalent triazine-based frameworks (CTFs) which are assembled through nitrile trimerization. CTFs have been identified for photocatalytic applications ( López-Magano et al, 2020a ). Conjugated organic frameworks offer the opportunity to design catalytic heterogeneous systems allowing easy separation of the catalyst as well as their recyclability.…”