Metal–organic framework‐derived phosphide nanomaterials for electrochemical applications

Abstract

Because of features, such as adjustable structures, high porosity, and high crystallinity, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) deservedly have received considerable attention. Nevertheless, there is still room for improvements in the electrical conductivity and chemical stability of some MOFs, because of which they cannot be utilized as electrode materials. Fortunately, MOF derivatives have received widespread attention in recent years, especially phosphide materials, which are widely used in practical applications because of their outstanding conductivity, excellent specific surface area, and standout charge mobility. In this review, the latest developments of MOF‐derived phosphides in electrocatalysis related to energy, including the excellent performance in terms of electrochemical energy storage and ingenious strategies, and diversified synthetic approaches have been emphasized and summarized. Additionally, the arduous task and feasible proposals of MOF‐derived phosphides are also discussed.

Honeycomb-like 3D carbon skeletons with embedded phosphorus-rich phosphide nanoparticles as advanced anodes for lithium-ion batteries

“…The ratios of pseudo-capacitive contribution could be further quantitatively determined by separating current i at a fixed voltage ( V ) into k 1 v (pseudocapacitance-controlled reactions) and k 2 v 1/2 (diffusion-controlled reactions). 39–41 i ( V ) = k 1 v + k 2 v 1/2 i ( V )/ v 1/2 = k 1 v 1/2 + k 2 …”

Transition‐metal‐incorporated molybdenum phosphide nanocatalysts synthesized through post‐synthetic transformation for the hydrogen evolution reaction

“…TMP surfaces are widely known to spontaneously oxidize upon exposure to air, resulting in easily observed transition metal oxides and phosphates on their surfaces. 64,65 The Mo 3d spectrum of MoP shows peaks corresponding to four oxidation states: Mo 6+ (232.7 eV), Mo 5+ (230.5 eV), Mo 4+ (229.5 eV), and Mo δ+ (228.4 eV) (Figure 5C). 42,60 The existence of high-valent Mo species might indicate the formation of oxidized species, such as MoO 3 and MoO 2 , while Mo δ+ (0 ≤ δ + ≤ 4) satellite peaks are generally considered to correspond to Mo-P bonding in the TMPs.…”

“…The incorporation of new transition metal cations resulted in smaller peaks corresponding oxidized species in both the Mo 3d and P 2p regions. TMP surfaces are widely known to spontaneously oxidize upon exposure to air, resulting in easily observed transition metal oxides and phosphates on their surfaces 64,65 . The Mo 3d spectrum of MoP shows peaks corresponding to four oxidation states: Mo 6+ (232.7 eV), Mo 5+ (230.5 eV), Mo 4+ (229.5 eV), and Mo δ+ (228.4 eV) (Figure 5C).…”

On-chip high-energy interdigital micro-supercapacitors with 3D nanotubular array electrodes

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Various micro-devices with different electrode materials, different constructions and different sizes have been developed in succession. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) with environmental benignity, long cycling life, ultra-high peak power density, and outstanding rate capability can readily satisfy the energy requirements for practical integrated microsystems. [23][24][25][26][27][28] Conguration strategies of MSC devices are extremely important for the normalized areal and volumetric capacitances, the main metrics for on-chip micro energy storage devices.…”

“…1–11 Various micro-devices with different electrode materials, different constructions and different sizes have been developed in succession. 12–22 Micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) with environmental benignity, long cycling life, ultra-high peak power density, and outstanding rate capability can readily satisfy the energy requirements for practical integrated microsystems. 23–28…”