Metal–Organic Framework-Derived Nanoporous Metal Oxides toward Supercapacitor Applications: Progress and Prospects

Abstract

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) have attracted significant attention for energy storage applications such as supercapacitors due to their good electrical conductivity, high electrochemical response (by providing Faradaic reactions), low manufacturing costs, and easy processability. Despite exhibiting these attractive characteristics, the practical applications of TMOs for supercapacitors are still relatively limited. This is largely due to their continuous Faradaic reactions, which can lead to major changes or destruction of their structure as well phase changes (in some cases) during cycling, leading to the degradation in their capacitive performance over time. Hence, there is an immediate need to develop new synthesis methods, which will readily provide stable porous architectures, controlled phase, as well as useful control over dimensions (1-D, 2-D, and 3-D) of the metal oxides for improving their performance in supercapacitor applications. Since its discovery in late 1990s, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have influenced many fields of material science. In recent years, they have gained significant attention as precursors or templates for the derivation of porous metal oxide nanostructures and nanocomposites for next-generation supercapacitor applications. Even though these materials have widespread applications and have been widely studied in terms of their structural features and synthesis, it is still not clear how these materials will play an important role in the development of the supercapacitor field. In this review, we will summarize the recent developments in the field of MOF-derived porous metal oxide nanostructures and nanocomposites for supercapacitor applications. Furthermore, the current challenges along with the future trends and prospects in the application of these materials for supercapacitors will also be discussed.

Electrochemical Performance of Manganese Coordinated Polyaniline

“…Furthermore, the first-principles calculation study was conducted to investigate the effects of metal-organic coordination between Mn 2+ and PANI on the electrochemical performance of PANI. According to the result, the total energies of [Mn(aniline) 2 Cl 2 ], [Mn(aniline) 3 Cl], and Mn(aniline) 4 are 94, 1218, and 362 kcal mol −1 , respectively. PANI-Mn as free-standing electrode material demonstrates potential application in the field of energy storage.…”

“…The PANI-Mn was prepared via electropolymerization and hydrothermal coordination processes and acted well as supercapacitor electrode material. Figure 1C shows total energy of [Mn(aniline) 2 Cl 2 ], [Mn(aniline) 3 Cl], and Mn(aniline) 4 . Furthermore, the first-principles calculation study was conducted to investigate the effects of metal-organic coordination between Mn 2+ and PANI on the electrochemical performance of PANI.…”

“…PANI-Mn electrode is expected to show superior cycling capacitance to PANI electrode. [Mn(aniline) 3 Cl] and Mn(aniline) 4 involve interchain coordination and intrachain coordination structures. Moreover, all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor was assembled based on this electrode material.…”

Electron Tomography: A Unique Tool Solving Intricate Hollow Nanostructures

“…[1,3,51,72] Due to the high mass-thickness contrast generated from metal elements, it is evident to identify the primary hollow structure. [1,3,51,72] Due to the high mass-thickness contrast generated from metal elements, it is evident to identify the primary hollow structure.…”

Utilizing Waste Thermocol Sheets and Rusted Iron Wires to Fabricate Carbon–Fe3O4 Nanocomposite‐Based Supercapacitors: Turning Wastes into Value‐Added Materials

“…[4,5] Typical ASCs incorporate electrodes fabricated with iron-containing oxides (such as Fe 2 O 3 ,F e 3 O 4 ,Z nFe 2 O 4 ,a nd NiFe 2 O 4 )a se lectrode mate-rials, [6][7][8][9] which show high capacitance and energy density values, butthese metal oxidesusually have poor electrical conductivity anda re hydrophobic in nature. [10] Syntheticc arbon based materials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), [11] graphene oxide, [12] graphene, [13] polymerderived carbons, [14][15][16] and metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived carbon, [17] are most studied as promisinge lectrode materials in SC applications. [10] Syntheticc arbon based materials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), [11] graphene oxide, [12] graphene, [13] polymerderived carbons, [14][15][16] and metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived carbon, [17] are most studied as promisinge lectrode materials in SC applications.…”