“…The peaks at 228.5 and 231.8 eV in Figure c can be ascribed to Mo 3d 3/2 and Mo 3d 5/2 , and the peak at 235.3 eV corresponds to the highly oxidized state of Mo 6+ owing to the oxidation of the material surface by air. , The distinct peak at 226 eV is associated with the S 2– originating from the S 2s orbital. , The S 2p spectroscopic analysis (Figure d) reveals three distinct signatures, corresponding to S 2p 3/2 (at 161.6 eV), S 2p 1/2 (at 162.6 eV), and SO x species (with a peak at 168.2 eV). , Figure e presents a spectroscopic analysis of Co 2p, featuring Co 2+ and Co 3+ at 781.2 and 778.8 eV for the Co 2p 3/2 state and 797.0 and 794.0 eV for the Co 2p 1/2 state. Additionally, two distinct signatures are observed at 803.2 and 786.4 eV, which can be ascribed to the satellite peaks associated with Co 2p . The spectrum of Al 2p depicted in Figure f exhibits two distinct peaks at 162.59 and 163.2 eV, corresponding to Al 2p 1/2 and Al 2p 3/2 respectively, representing their characteristic energies .…”