Metal–Organic Framework-Based Materials for Wastewater Treatment: Superior Adsorbent Materials for the Removal of Hazardous Pollutants

Abstract

In previous years, different pollutants, for example, organic dyes, antibiotics, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and agricultural pollutants, have been of note to the water enterprise due to their insufficient reduction during standard water and wastewater processing methods. MOFs have been found to have potential toward wastewater management. This Review focused on the synthesis process (such as traditional, electrochemical, microwave, sonochemical, mechanochemical, and continuous-flow spray-drying method) of MOF materials. Moreover, the properties of the MOF materials have been discussed in detail. Further, MOF materials’ applications for wastewater treatment (such as the removal of antibiotics, organic dyes, heavy metal ions, and agricultural waste) have been discussed. Additionally, we have compared the performances of some typical MOFs-based materials with those of other commonly used materials. Finally, the study’s current challenges, future prospects, and outlook have been highlighted.

Advances in metal–organic frameworks for water remediation applications

“…Recently, Thakur and team highlighted the synthesis and active mechanism of function of advanced MOFs as adsorbents for the removal of hazardous pollutants under different environmental conditions. 19 Xia and group developed three Zr-based MOFs with different topologies and pore sizes for the removal of tetracycline and studied their kinetics and mechanism in detail. 20 MOFs have developed into next-generation utility materials due to their versatility.…”

Recent Advances in Advanced Micro and Nanomanufacturing for Wastewater Purification

“…Electrostatic interactions between the MOFs and pollutants are favored by protonation and deprotonation, which is caused by net surface charges. Similarly, studies have shown that MOFs contain −OH groups and forms H-bonds with pollutants . Moreover, the adsorption of pollutants is relatively easier by MOFs’ relatively larger surface areas .…”

Sulfate Radical-Based Degradation of Organic Pollutants: A Review on Application of Metal-Organic Frameworks as Catalysts

“…Various synthesis methods are used for producing the different types of MOF structures, which include the diffusion method, the sonochemical method, the hydro­(solvo)­thermal method, the microwave method, the electrochemical method, and the mechanochemical method. , The synthesis methods have been discussed extensively by Wang et al. in 2022 and Kaur et al in 2023. , The benefits and drawbacks of various synthesis processes are discussed in Table .…”

“…Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF) are created by metal ions (Co, Zn, Fe, Cu, etc.) and imidazole derivatives and are topologically structured zeolites . The properties through which the catalytic activity is enhanced are surface sensitivity, large surface area, large pore size, and thermal stability, among others. − Furthermore, the unique structural properties of ZIF-MOFs allow for a high degree of control over the catalytic performance, allowing for material tailoring for specific applications. ,, There are many different types of ZIFs, which can be classified based on the type of metal ion or cluster used in their construction, the type of organic ligand used, and their pore size and shape. , The different types of metal linkers used are 2-nitroimidazole, 2-methylimidazole, benzimidazole, and metronidazole, and the metal oxides are Co 3 O 4 , ZnCoO X , ZnO, and CoS, as mentioned in Table .…”

“…18,43 The synthesis methods have been discussed extensively by Wang et al in 2022 and Kaur et al in 2023 19,45. The benefits and drawbacks of various synthesis processes are discussed in…”