Metal–Organic Framework-Based Hierarchically Porous Materials: Synthesis and Applications

Abstract

Metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely recognized as one of the most fascinating classes of materials from science and engineering perspectives, benefiting from their high porosity and well-defined and tailored structures and components at the atomic level. Although their intrinsic micropores endow size-selective capability and high surface area, etc., the narrow pores limit their applications toward diffusion-control and largesize species involved processes. In recent years, the construction of hierarchically porous MOFs (HP-MOFs), MOF-based hierarchically porous composites, and MOF-based hierarchically porous derivatives has captured widespread interest to extend the applications of conventional MOF-based materials. In this Review, the recent advances in the design, synthesis, and functional applications of MOF-based hierarchically porous materials are summarized. Their structural characters toward various applications, including catalysis, gas storage and separation, air filtration, sewage treatment, sensing and energy storage, have been demonstrated with typical reports. The comparison of HP-MOFs with traditional porous materials (e.g., zeolite, porous silica, carbons, metal oxides, and polymers), subsisting challenges, as well as future directions in this research field, are also indicated.

Anisotropic MOF-on-MOF Growth of Isostructural Multilayer Metal–Organic Framework Heterostructures

“…Usually, the structural design of MOFs and their derivatives has a significant impact on their catalytic performances [ 49 – 51 ]. Here, in order to further demonstrate the advantages of the synthesized multilayer ZIF-L heterostructure derivatives, the styrene epoxidation was chosen as the demo reaction for studying relationship between structures and catalytic performances.…”

Zinc-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks in Drug Delivery, Cell Imaging, and Sensing

“…Biologically friendly composition of metal-organic frameworks has enabled their application in biomedical and environmental fields; however, different parameters, including their use, associated risks and benefits, distribution, degradation, accumulation in various organs and tissues, and excretion from the body, are set to decide one composite over the other [ 1 , 18 ]. Therefore, the selection of different metals and organic linkers at different rates depends on the aforementioned conditions [ 86 ].…”

“…Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are fascinating hybrid porous materials formed by a combination of metal and organic compounds [ 1 , 2 ]. The coordinated organic ligand serves as linkers between varied metal interiors [ 3 ].…”

Guanidyl-implanted UiO-66 as an efficient catalyst for the enhanced conversion of carbon dioxide into cyclic carbonates

“…Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are recognized as a promising platform for transforming carbon dioxide, 12–14 with fascinating features such as large surface areas, tailorable porosities, tunable configurations, and abundant metal active sites. 15 Metal clusters with coordinatively unsaturated sites (CUS) in MOF nodes generally serve as Lewis acidic sites for catalytic reactions. 16–18 Furthermore, the catalytic performance of CO 2 conversion can be improved by decorating MOF linkers with functional groups that are hydrogen-bond donors and Lewis acids or bases, such as acylamide, 19,20 amine, 21 and urea.…”

“…23 Moreover, the open metal sites in the nodes of UiO-66 could be regulated by adding some suitable modulators during MOF synthesis to improve the Lewis acidity. 15 On the other hand, guanidines have emerged as intriguing and versatile hydrogen-bond donors with the merits of strong basicity and tunable electronic structures. 24 Currently, guanidyl-containing organic groups and guanidine-tethered complexes as homogeneous catalysts have been extensively employed for the cycloaddition of epoxides with CO 2 .…”