Metal-Organic Framework as Catalyst in Esterification of Oleic Acid for Biodiesel Production

Abstract

Abstract-Applying metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as a solid catalyst in esterification of oleic acid and methanol for model of biodiesel production were investigated. Taking an advantage on high surface area, chemical/thermal stability and surface chemistry (acid/basicity) properties on MOF materials (MOF-808, ZIF-8, MIL-125) applied for catalyzed reaction of carboxylic acid to ester compound. Those MOF materials showed the catalytic properties higher than the reported alumina compound at same reaction condition. Their recyclability properties in heterogeneous catalyst were investigated. The characteristic properties of MOF materials such as crystal structure, porosity, surface area and functional group (chemical bonding) on spend catalyst after reaction were studied on this work.Index Terms-Metal-organic frameworks, biodiesel, esterification, heterogeneous catalyst. I. INTRODUCTIONEsterification plays an important with numerous application for industrial e.g. polymer, paints, varnishes, lacquers, medicines, dyes and synthetic rubber, including energy relative such as the production of biodiesel [1]. This reaction was also used to produce the bio-fuel or biodiesel from vegetable oil and/or animal fats. The product of biodiesel can utilized as fuel which their represent a safe, non-toxic and renewable energy source [2]. The catalyst is requirement to transformation the triglyceride (TGs) into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) with ethanol. The source of biodiesel production are usually low cost feed stock such as waste cooking oils, by products of the vegetable oil refining, some non-edible oils, and animal fats etc., however, these source should contained free fatty acids (FFAs) less than 1% since an excess of FFAs causes side reaction (saponification) and problem in process of product purification (reduced the production yield and emulsion formation) [3], [4]. Whereas, the acid catalyst is very important for the industrial production since can convert FFAs to eater product and non-side reaction generated.Generally, the most common catalyst widely used in biodiesel production are base catalyst such as NaOH or KOH etc. and acid catalyst such as H 2 SO 4 or HCl etc., which those homogeneous catalyst have been proven as the most affective for acceleration reaction [5]. However, the homogeneous catalyst was several drawback for using in commercial scale in view of economic and environmental view point e.g. critical step to wash biodiesel product, waste of water and water treatment, corrosive in metal devices of reactor and also increasing the cost of production, non-reusable catalyst and so on. Therefore, the developing in heterogeneous catalyst comes to replace with reducing the biodiesel production cost and more environmental friendly since the catalyst easy removable, non-corrosive, the recovery reused possible. During the last decades, several diverse heterogeneous catalyzed esterification have already been investigated. Some of the examples are ion-exchange resins having sulfonic acid groups [6], sulfated or mi...

Functionalized organic–inorganic hybrid porous coordination polymer-based catalysts for biodiesel production via trans/esterification

“…Accordingly, the yield of methyl oleate was about 90%, proving that MOFs have a fine application prospect for biodiesel catalysis. 74…”

“…Accordingly, the yield of methyl oleate was about 90%, proving that MOFs have a fine application prospect for biodiesel catalysis. 74 Besides, Cu-and Ca-based MOF synthesized by solvothermal and hydrothermal processes was developed by Unza Jamil et al to investigate biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. The characterization implied the successful synthesis of cubic MOF crystals with good thermal stability, large specific surface area, and unique mesoporous.…”

Chemical and Process Engineering

“…Frequently, the most of the informed solid acid catalysts to esterify the OA with alcohols are; acid catalyst based on sulfated iron ore (Prates et al, 2020), amorphous carbon base (Liu et al, 2008;Takagaki et al, 2006), mesoporous tungsten trioxide (Sarkar et al, 2010), metal oxides (Refaat, 2011), zirconia (Oliveira et al, 2010), sulphated zirconia (Raia et al, 2017), tin (da Silva and Cardoso, 2013), pyridinium nitrate (Tankov and Yankova, 2019), hydroxyapatite (Chakraborty and Chowdhury, 2013), resin (Yin et al, 2012), montmorillonite-based clays (Bouguerra Neji et al, 2009), aluminum based catalysts (Al-Saadi et al, 2020;Gang and Wenhui, 2010), polypyrrole (Tang and Liang, 2015), metal organic frameworks (Chaemchuen et al, 2020;Zhou and Chaemchuen, 2017), zeolites with different acidity (Chung and Park, 2009), NaY (Abbas and Abbas, 2013a;2015;Abbas et al, 2019), HY Alismaeel et al, 2018;Doyle et al, 2016;2017), HZSM-5 (Alnaama, 2017;Majeed and Saleh, 2016;Vieira et al, 2015;Vieira et al, 2017), MCM-48 (Alfattal and Abbas, 2019) and 13X (Alshahidy and Abbas, 2020). Despite, the using of the heterogeneous catalysts, homogeneous catalysts are still used widely in the small processes of the esterification of OA to EO.…”

Preparation of Ni-microsphere and Cu-MOF using aspartic acid as coordinating ligand and study of their catalytic properties in Stille and sulfoxidation reactions

“…16 In this sense, it is worth mentioning that these features would result in viewing these solids as suitable heterogeneous catalysts for organic transformations. [17][18][19][20][21][22] MOFs materials are prepared using metal ions (or clusters) and organic ligands in solutions (i.e. solvothermal or hydrothermal synthesis).…”