Metal Nanoparticles: Electronic Properties, Bioresponse, and SynthesisUpdate based on the original article by Günter Schmid,Encyclopedia of Inorganic ChemistrySecond Edition, © 2005, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Abstract

This review article considers in the main the interaction of metal nanoparticles (NPs) with biological systems. However, the first part describes electronic properties of metal NPs because of the relevance of the electronic situation in a metal NP and its corresponding physical and chemical properties. Those are of interest if interactions with biological systems are considered, the active centers of which often are also in the nano regime. In particular, the size and shape of metal NPs decisively determine the kind of interactions that are exhibited. The result of such interactions is called “bioresponse”. Bioresponse constitutes the main part of the article, which describes the principles of interactions between NPs and biosystems. Developments in diagnostics and toxicity phenomena are also detailed; these are linked with possible therapeutic attempts, especially in the field of tumor therapy. Finally, an overview is given of the synthetic strategies of NPs. The syntheses of metal NPs are so manifold that only the basic principles are discussed. Primary emphasis is on synthetic procedures that guarantee monodispersity of the NPs and control of their shapes because these properties determine the kind and strength of interaction with biological systems, whether in cell cultures or living animals.

Harnessing the Noncovalent Interactions of DNA Backbone with 2D Silicate Nanodisks To Fabricate Injectable Therapeutic Hydrogels

“…Both groups exhibited a maximum absorbance at ~260 nm because of the electronic structure of purine and pyrimidine bases present in DNA. 30 However, the absorbance of the pregel at 260 nm was slightly higher than that of the starting DNA solution. This change is likely due to the DNA strand separation leading to the partial unwinding of the DNA double helix during the heating cycle.…”

Tuning the activity and selectivity of polymerised ionic liquid-stabilised ruthenium nanoparticles through anion exchange reactions

“…S23†), as observed experimentally with 2I and toluene and styrene as substrates. However, binding of styrene via the alkene moiety to edges or corners of RuNPs would not be hindered, 8,77,78 allowing for complete EB selectivity with 2I as a catalyst. Note also that the smaller size of 2I relative to 2Cl and 2Br observed by TEM (Fig.…”

“…1–7 Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) are promising candidates because of their unique properties that stem from their nanometric size and the presence of high-energy surface atoms. 8–13 As MNPs have been proven to be thermodynamically unstable with respect to bulk metal, stabilisers such as polymers, ligands, surfactants or ionic liquids (ILs) are required to ensure colloidal stability. 14–18 In addition, stabilisers may also strongly influence the catalytic properties of MNPs, owing to their multiple interactions with the MNP surface.…”

Disordered Mott–Hubbard Physics in Nanoparticle Solids: Transitions Driven by Disorder, Interactions, and Their Interplay

“…The disorder of the site energies breaks up the site-to-site phase coherence of the originally extended wave functions, thereby localizing the electrons. Introducing interactions into Anderson localizaton makes the physical scenarios more complex, as revealed by scaling methods. − Implications for transport were studied, e.g., via the concept of the Coulomb blockade/gap, the energy cost of the attraction between the moving electron and the hole it leaves behind, thus suppressing transport at all fillings . These ideas were adapted to NP solids, e.g., in ref .…”