Metal nanoparticles assisted revival of Streptomycin against MDRS Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

The ability of microorganisms to generate resistance outcompetes with the generation of new and efficient antibiotics. Therefore, it is critically required to develop novel antibiotic agents and treatments to control bacterial infections. Green synthesized metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles are considered as the potential means to target bacteria as an alternative to antibiotics. Nanoconjugates have also attracted attention because of their increased biological activity as compared to free antibiotics. In the present investigation, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), and iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO NPs) have been synthesized by using leaf extract of Ricinus communis. Characterization of nanoparticles was done by using UV–Vis Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analyzer, X-ray Diffraction Analysis, and Dynamic Light Scattering Particle Size Analyzer. Interestingly, Streptomycin when combined with AgNPs, ZnO NPs, CuO NPs, and FeO NPs showed enhanced antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of S. aureus which suggested synergism between the nanoparticles and antibiotics. The highest enhanced antibacterial potential of Streptomycin was observed in conjugation with ZnO NPs (11 ± 0.5 mm) against S. aureus. Minimum inhibitory concentration of conjugates of AgNPs, ZnO NPs, CuO NPs, and FeO NPs with streptomycin against S. aureus was found to be 3.12, 2.5,10, and 12.5 μg/mL respectively. The considerable point of the present investigation is that S. aureus, which was resistant to streptomycin becomes highly susceptible to the same antibiotic when combined with nanoparticles. This particular observation opens up windows to mitigate the current crisis due to antibiotic resistance to combat antimicrobial infections efficiently.

Light-Emitting-Diode-Assisted, Fungal-Pigment-Mediated Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Activity

“…AgNPs plus antibiotics also showed a significant increase in antibacterial activity against several pathogens compared with AgNPs or antibiotics alone [ 66 ], showing the synergistic potential of AgNPs and antibiotics. The synergistic effect of AgNPs combined with antibiotics owes their increased antimicrobial activity to their diverse mechanisms of microbial inhibition [ 64 , 67 ]. An antibiotic like streptomycin causes interruption of the ribosome formation cycle, as well as inhibition and disruption of proteins synthesis in the bacterial cell [ 68 , 69 , 70 ], whereas AgNPs possess multiple mechanisms of action against microorganisms.…”

“…The cells suffering from AgNP toxicity exhibit a depletion in oxidative stress defense, including glutathione (GSH) reduction, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) enzyme denaturation. The small size of NPs makes it easier for them to pass through the bacterial cell wall, and consequently leads to an increase in antibiotic uptake into the cell [ 66 , 67 , 68 , 72 ]. Moreover, the high surface-area-to-volume ratio of AgNPs benefits the antibiotic binding and promotes their penetrating ability against the cell membrane, leading to an easier delivery to the target site of disruption [ 64 , 68 , 73 ].…”

Multifunctional biocompatible films based on pectin‐Ag nanocomposites and PVA: Design, characterization and antimicrobial potential

“…These changes cause the increase in production of reactive oxygen species and improve membrane permeability of gram‐negative bacteria that can enhance the antimicrobial activity of antibiotics, as well as restore antibiotic susceptibility to a resistant bacteria strain 97 . Indeed, silver ions could restore antibiotic susceptibility to a tetracycline resistant E. coli mutant 97 and Ag nanoparticles assisted revival of streptomycin against multidrug resistant strain S. aureus 98 …”

Recent Advances in Antimicrobial Nano-Drug Delivery Systems

“…The antibacterial effect of metal NPs depends on the shape and size, and it is performed through several modes of action, including the ability to bind and change the function of polymers and produce free radicals through reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 150 , 151 ]. Metal NPs are considered as valuable candidates for antimicrobial agents by targeting different cell components, such as cell wall, DNA, membrane and protein [ 152 ].…”