Metal-Matrix Composites Prepared by Paper-Manufacturing Technology

Wenzel, Claudia; Aneziris, Christos G.; Pranke, Katja

doi:10.1007/s11661-015-2819-2

Cited by 7 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…An overview of the different process routes for the heat treatment of highly filled papers is shown in Figure . The final sintering products or reaction products generated can be divided in the following groups: Oxide Ceramics Non‐Oxide Ceramics Ceramic‐Based Composites Metal‐based Composites …”

Section: Conversion Of Highly Filled Papers Into Paper‐derived Sintermentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Both the studies found that the influence on paper thickness reduction was weaker for increasing the calendering temperature than for increasing the line load at which the highly filled papers were calendered. Also, calendering has been successfully applied to increase the density and strengthen the premetallic papers, which were highly filled with metallic particles of a Cr–Mn–Ni austenitic steel alloy …”

Section: Design and Manufacturing Of Highly Filled Papersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The transformation of the paper‐based preform into the metal‐based composite comprises the oxidation of the organic paper components at temperatures up to 800 °C, and, the subsequent densification of the metal filler by sintering at temperatures below melting temperature and under an inert atmosphere. This heat treatment procedure has been described by Wenzel et al for the manufacturing of zirconia reinforced austenitic steel, derived from premetallic papers. Those types of paper were highly filled with particles of the chrome‐rich 16‐7‐3 type steel and a smaller quantity of particles of magnesia partially stabilized zirconia.…”

Section: Conversion Of Highly Filled Papers Into Paper‐derived Sintermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the oven reaches a sufficiently high temperature, the filler materials either undergo a sintering process or chemical reactions are initiated, yielding paper‐derived ceramics, ceramic‐, or metal‐based composites. Optionally, the green body can be infiltrated by a hot melt, such as liquid silicon or a liquid Cu–O alloy …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the bottom, the paper‐derived sintering products are shown, which are the following from left to right: sintered specimens of 1) alumina, 2) Ti 2 SiC 3 and SiC, 3) alumina infiltrated by a Cu–O alloy and 4) austenitic steel. Adapted with permissions . © 2008 Wiley, © 2016 Springer, © 2018 Wiley, © 2017 Cambridge University Press, © 2018 Elsevier, and © 2015 Springer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Highly Filled Papers, on their Manufacturing, Processing, and Applications

et al. 2019

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Since more than a decade ago, the research on highly filled papers, as well as paper-derived inorganic materials, has greatly intensified. As presented in this review, highly filled papers as preforms allow for the design of porous or dense, multilayered, and geometrically complex structures. These paperderived ceramic-or metal-based materials are generated by the heattreatment of highly filled papers. Paper-derived materials are potential materials of choice for applications in transportation, energy-generation, environmental conservation, support structures, medical uses, and electronic components. Due to the adjustability of the filler content and the good machinability of highly filled papers, paper-derived sheets or multilayers may include intricate structures and tailored gradients in phase structure or porosity. Paper-derived multilayers also may contain cast ceramic tapes or other functionalized layers, as presented in some examples. Computer-aided manufacturing processes for paper-derived materials can be supplemented by prediction models for the sintering shrinkage in order to identify optimal post-processing steps, stacking orders and orientations for highly filled paper layers within multilayer green bodies. The accuracy of established component-level sintering models can be significantly increased by microstructure models of the highly filled paper. ParameterName Unit α Mismatch parameter for fiber cross-sections, Equation (5) Dimensionless α p Layer position in viscoelastic paper structure model, Equation (2) Dimensionless A 0 Initial amplitude of perturbation, Equations (15) 10 À6 m A(f) Parameter for evolution of instantaneous carbon conversion rate, Equation (7) Dimensionless A diff Source controlled diffusion parameter, Equations (9) 10 À7 N A match Modeling parameter, Equations (8) Dimensionless a Inter-particle contact-area radius, Equations (19) 10 À8 m a Local average pore area, Equation (4) 10 À6 m 2 b Pore geometry constant, Equation (20) Dimensionless ß evo , m evo Empirical constants for grain evolution in SOVS model, Equation (8) Dimensionless ß r(c)p Proportionality constant for bimodal packing fraction determination, Equation (18) Dimensionless C Modeling constant for debindering pressure calculation, Equation (7) 10 À6 (m 2 Á s)/K C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 Parameters in the Riedel model that are determined by the dihedral angle, Equations (9) Dimensionless c glue Heat capacity of the adhesive layers, Equation (3) 10 À6 s c L , c s Volume fraction of larger-sized/smaller-sized particles in a multimodal mixture of particles, Equation (17)and (18) 10 0 vol% c vol Volume concentration of pulp fibers, Equation (4) 10 0 vol% γ, γ 0 Strain relaxation rate of calendered paper with initial value, Equation (2) Dimensionless γ B Grain boundary energy density, Equation (13) 10 0 J m À2 γ b Specific energy for grain boundary diffusion, Equation (9) 10 3 J mol À1 γ S Material surface energy, Equation (8, 11, and 13) 10 0 J m À2 Δ Half of the inter-particle boundary thickness, Equation (19) 10 À8...

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Section: Conversion Of Highly Filled Papers Into Paper‐derived Sintermentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Design and Manufacturing Of Highly Filled Papersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conversion Of Highly Filled Papers Into Paper‐derived Sintermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Highly Filled Papers, on their Manufacturing, Processing, and Applications

et al. 2019

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Processing of 17Cr7Mn6Ni TRIP Steel Powder by Extrusion at Room Temperature and Pressureless Sintering

et al. 2020

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Transformation‐induced plasticity (TRIP) steels are known for their outstanding strength and their excellent deformation properties, which are necessary for the improvement of occupant safety elements in air, rail and motor vehicles. One precondition for the realization of the TRIP effect is the creation of a metastable austenitic microstructure through the addition of a number of alloying elements. The great affinity of some alloying elements for oxygen implies the formation of highly stable oxides during thermal processing. In the current study, an extrusion process (derived from the processing of ceramics) with subsequent debinding and pressureless sintering is used to manufacture compact strands from prealloyed and gas‐atomized 17Cr7Mn6Ni TRIP steel powder. The influence of both the debinding temperature and sintering atmosphere on the oxide particle content in the final bulk product are investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and quantitative metallography. Furthermore, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis in association with temperature‐programmed reduction (TPR) experiments, thermogravimetric (TG) measurements and mass/infrared spectroscopy (MS/IRS) serve to monitor the changes in the steel powder surface composition and the effectiveness of hydrogen as a reducing agent.

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Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Square‐Celled TRIP Steel Honeycomb Structures Produced by Electron Beam Melting

et al. 2020

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Material-and energy-saving lightweight constructions are of particular interest to the industry since decades, especially for vehicle and aircraft production. One of the ways of reducing the weight in components is to replace a solid matrix by periodically recurring cell or truss structure. Cellular materials such as metallic foams, truss, or honeycomb structures are characterized by high specific energy absorption and rigidness. Due to their high specific stiffness and compressive strength, square honeycomb structures are well suited for energy dissipating stiffeners, such as sandwich panels and bumpers. [1][2][3] However, the production of honeycomb structures using conventional manufacturing methods is very complex. Metallic square-celled honeycomb structures are often produced in two ways: either slotted metal strips are inserted into each other and joined together by soldering, or they are produced by metal extrusion using complex dies. [4,5] Another recently developed technology is the extrusion of powders with a binder and subsequent debinding and sintering. [6,7] In contrast, additive manufacturing (AM) allows producing most of the complex lightweight structures in a single manufacturing step. All of the AM methods are based on the computer-aided design (CAD), taking a model of a component and building it up layer by layer. One of the most advanced AM methods for the fabrication of metallic components is the electron beam powder-bed fusion (EB-PBF) technology, which is called electron beam melting (EBM) in the following. This process belongs to the group of powderbed AM technologies in which powder particles are fused layer by layer. [8,9] The EBM process is somewhat similar to the widely used selective laser melting (SLM) process, although there are principal differences between laser and electron beam. [10] The microstructure of EBM-manufactured materials is often characterized by columnar and epitaxial grain morphology. Continuous melt crystallization through the multiple layers results in the formation of a strong texture and anisotropy. [8,[11][12][13] This phenomenon can even be utilized to produce single crystalline superalloys by adapting EBM scanning strategy. [14,15] However, in case of materials which can undergo phase transformation in the solid state during cooling (Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-4V doped with Cu or La, titanium aluminide, and so on), the mentioned columnar and textured structure can be avoided.

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Metal-Matrix Composites Prepared by Paper-Manufacturing Technology

Cited by 7 publications

References 14 publications

Highly Filled Papers, on their Manufacturing, Processing, and Applications

Highly Filled Papers, on their Manufacturing, Processing, and Applications

Processing of 17Cr7Mn6Ni TRIP Steel Powder by Extrusion at Room Temperature and Pressureless Sintering

Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Square‐Celled TRIP Steel Honeycomb Structures Produced by Electron Beam Melting

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