Metal Ion Responsive Luminescent Bio‐Templated Co‐Assemblies: Label‐Free Detection of Multi‐Metal Ions in Aqueous Media

Abstract

Recently, anionic bio‐templates have emerged as promising platforms for designing dynamic and stimuli‐responsive chromophoric assemblies capable of light harvesting in aqueous media thereby mimicking natural photosynthesis. Here, we present multi‐metal ion‐responsive luminescent co‐assemblies between cationic pyrene‐imidazolium amphiphile and anionic bio‐templates (ATP, heparin, and DNA) in aqueous media. The anionic bio‐templates enhance Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) in the co‐assemblies, with pyrene serving as an excellent donor for generating tunable multi‐luminescent materials with embedded acceptor dyes. However, a significant loss in energy transfer towards acceptor dyes was observed in the presence of various metal ions, attributed to excimeric emission quenching facilitated by electron transfer between the pyrene chromophore and metal ions. Interestingly, detailed studies revealed that only ATP‐based co‐assemblies exhibited quenching phenomena in the presence of metal ions, contrasting with heparin and ctDNA co‐assemblies. Additionally, label‐free detection of multi‐metal ions in aqueous environments, such as Fe2+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ ions, was successfully achieved with lower detection limits of 0.01 μM (3 ppb), 0.12 μM (30 ppb), and 0.58 μM (150 ppb) respectively. These co‐assemblies hold significant promise for practical applications in environmental and biomedical sensing, enabling sensitive monitoring of metal ion concentrations.