Metal Halide Perovskites for High‐Energy Radiation Detection

Abstract

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have emerged as a frontrunner semiconductor technology for application in third generation photovoltaics while simultaneously making significant strides in other areas of optoelectronics. Photodetectors are one of the latest additions in an expanding list of applications of this fascinating family of materials. The extensive range of possible inorganic and hybrid perovskites coupled with their processing versatility and ability to convert external stimuli into easily measurable optical/electrical signals makes them an auspicious sensing element even for the high-energy domain of the electromagnetic spectrum. Key to this is the ability of MHPs to accommodate heavy elements while being able to form large, high-quality crystals and polycrystalline layers, making them one of the most promising emerging X-ray and-ray detector technologies. Here, the fundamental principles of high-energy radiation detection are reviewed with emphasis on recent progress in the emerging and fascinating field of metal halide perovskite-based X-ray and-ray detectors. The review starts with a discussion of the basic principles of high-energy radiation detection with focus on key performance metrics followed by a comprehensive summary of the recent progress in the field of perovskite-based detectors. The article concludes with a discussion of the remaining challenges and future perspectives.

Polarons and Charge Localization in Metal‐Halide Semiconductors for Photovoltaic and Light‐Emitting Devices

“…[ 11,17,34 ] However, if self‐trapped charges lead to broadband, efficient white‐light emission, small polarons could be quite beneficial for solid‐state lighting, [ 8,35 ] as well as other applications such as gamma‐ray detection. [ 14,36 ] Recent reviews have emphasized the potential promise of metal‐halide semiconductors in lighting applications [ 37–39 ] and for radiation detection, [ 40,41 ] but there has been little focus on the fundamental understanding of polaronic effects and charge localization, which affect the performance of these materials in devices. Thus, understanding the role of charge–lattice interactions is critical in ensuring that new materials for energy innovation are designed rationally and tailored appropriately to specific applications.…”

Photophysics in Zero‐Dimensional Potassium‐Doped Cesium Copper Chloride Cs3Cu2Cl5 Nanosheets and Its Application for High‐Performance Flexible X‐Ray Detection

“…[1]-[9] Thereof, indirect X-ray detectors are widely used for ordinary flat panel X-ray detection, among which scintillator is the most important factor affecting the detection performance. [10][11][12][13][14] Currently, the ideal scintillator should meet the following basic conditions: (i) good stopping power and excellent radiation absorption, [15]-[18] (ii) high photoluminescence (PL) with large Stokes shift and radioluminescence (RL) intensity, (iii) nontoxicity with environmentally stable, [19] (iv) easily manufactured and extendable to large-area flexible applications. [20,21] Among all, inorganic copper (I)-based metal halide semiconductors meeting all the above requirements are considered as promising candidates.…”

Engineering of a Blocking Layer Structure for Low-Lag Operation of the a-PbO-Based X-Ray Detector

“…The PI/a-PbO detector exhibits a remarkable improvement of temporal performance over other photoconductors considered for use in the direct conversion digital detectors (such as polycrystalline layers of PbO, PbI 2 , HgI 2 , CdTe, CdZeTe, and perovskites) [11]- [21] and marginal signal lag with a-Se [24]- [26], [37] and CsI [8], [10]. So far, a-PbO and a-Se are the only photoconductors where the lag problem was resolved.…”

“…Another candidate for the X-ray-to-charge transducer in direct conversion detectors is the perovskites, a new family of emerging materials. Although promising, at least at the very early stage of their development, perovskites also demonstrate large signal lag [21]. If this problem is not solved, all the efforts in the development of perovskite technology will come to naught.…”