“…The discharge of PRE into the environment will impact the ecosystems and the biological systems of living organisms. As demonstrated by Adebiyi, the soils surrounding a petroleum refinery products station were revealed to contain heavy metals such as (Fe, Cu, Cd, As, Pb, Ni, Zn, and Cr) at increased levels, these metals have the potential to contaminate the surrounding ecosystem ( Adebiyi et al, 2020 ). Also, as seen on surface soil near an oil refinery, high levels of Yb, Eu, Mo, Hf, Cd, and Tb presence can cause severe pollution ( Alshahri & El-Taher, 2018 ).…”