“…The key areas for lightweight part production include material development (high strength steel, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, compound materials, and new alloys), part design (complex shapes and simulations), and production processes (hot forming, incremental forming, superplastic forming, and thixoforming) [1]. Generally, lightweight part manufacturing involves more sophisticated processes, materials, and product design in order to provide safety, compatibility, and durability to part structures while lowering costs [2]. Recently, low density and high strength materials have been introduced in metal forming.…”