Metal endowment reflected in chemical composition of silicates and sulfides of mineralized porphyry copper systems, Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc, Iran

Zarasvandi, Alireza; Rezaei, Mohsen; Raith, Johann; Pourkaseb, Houshang; Asadi, Sina; Saed, Madineh; Lentz, David R.

doi:10.1016/j.gca.2017.11.012

Cited by 30 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Spatially analyzed biotite samples are associated with quartz grains trapping boiling fluid inclusions and sulfide mineralization (e.g., pyrite and chalcopyrite). Obviously, the obtained temperatures could reflect the temperature of sulfide mineralization (e.g., Zarasvandi et al ., , ). It is important to note that, in most of the porphyry copper systems, sulfide precipitation occurs when SO 2 content of the magmatic–hydrothermal system is progressively disproportionate to H 2 S and H 2 SO 4 (Richards, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The data indicate that XMg values fall in the calibration range of the geothermometer (0.275-1.000; Table 2). Simply, as a common indication, this feature proved to be related to the oxidized nature of magmatic and early hydrothermal stages of porphyry copper systems because, under oxidized conditions, high oxygen fugacity leads to the enhancement of Fe 3+/ Fe 2+ ratios, which provide suitable conditions for the advantage of Mg 2+ in site occupancy compared to that of Fe 2+ (Zarasvandi et al, 2018). Conformably, the Ti contents between 0.33 and 0.52 (average 0.43) also vary in the calibration range of the geothermometer (0.04-0.60; Table 2).…”

Section: Henry Et Al (2005) Biotite Thermometry In Sarkuh Porphyrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is important to note that, in most of the porphyry copper systems, sulfide precipitation occurs when SO 2 content of the magmatic-hydrothermal system is progressively disproportionate to H 2 S and H 2 SO 4 (Richards, 2011). Many factors, that is, magnetite crystallization and/or temperature drooping, especially below 400 C, have a decisive role in this process (Reeves et al, 2010;Richards, 2011;Zarasvandi et al, 2018). The obtained temperatures using the Ti-in-biotite thermometer for Sarkuh porphyry ranges from 712 to 769 C, averaging 744.8 C (Table 1 and Figure 2b).…”

Section: Henry Et Al (2005) Biotite Thermometry In Sarkuh Porphyrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Titanium‐in‐biotite thermometry in porphyry copper systems: Challenges to application of the thermometer

Rezaei

Zarasvandi

2019

Resource Geology

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Empirical geothermometer dealing with Ti solubility in the Fe‐Mg biotites was originally proposed for biotites in graphitic, peraluminous metapelites containing ilmenite or rutile that equilibrated roughly at 4–6 kbar. Given that biotites are abundant in the porphyry copper systems, this geothermometer has frequently been used for the determination of magmatic–hydrothermal temperatures in the porphyry copper systems. Common associations of porphyry copper deposits (PCDs), that is, low Al content of biotite, biotite chloritization (causes the biotite to become more magnesian and to lose Ti), and biotite formation by amphibole replacement, as well as disequilibrium, local equilibrium, or re‐equilibration of biotites, especially through potassic alteration, may provide significant uncertainty in the temperatures estimated a by Ti‐in‐biotite geothermometer. In addition, besides the calibration range of thermometer for pressure (400–600 MPa), the temperatures of major sulfide precipitation in PCDs (>~400°C) does not fit with the temperature range of thermometer calibration (480–800°C). Worth noting, as confirmed by fluid inclusion data in the Sarkuh PCD, regardless of presence of mineralogical requirements, obtained temperatures of sulfide mineralization using Ti in biotite thermometer could be overestimated. This may be due to the difference between general conditions of sulfide mineralization and calibration range of Ti in the biotite thermometer for pressure and temperature, as well as the metaluminous nature of biotites in PCDs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Henry Et Al (2005) Biotite Thermometry In Sarkuh Porphyrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Henry Et Al (2005) Biotite Thermometry In Sarkuh Porphyrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Titanium‐in‐biotite thermometry in porphyry copper systems: Challenges to application of the thermometer

Rezaei

Zarasvandi

2019

Resource Geology

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“…Muratdere has similar Ag, Sb, Zn, and Bi concentrations as pyrite samples from other porphyry deposits that have undergone sulfide trace element analysis (Reich et al, 2013;Cioacǎ et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2016;Sykora et al, 2018;Zarasvandi et al, 2018). Pyrite samples from the Dexing and Jinchang porphyry deposits, China, the Lihir porphyry-epithermal deposit, Papau New Guinea, and the Muratdere deposit contain relatively similar Au and Te concentrations (<1 ppm), in contrast to pyrite samples from porphyry deposits in the Metaliferi Mountains, Romania, and the Urumieh-Dokhtar arc, Iran, which contain significantly more Te (mean 89 and 47 ppm) and Au (mean 168 and 145 ppm) than pyrite from other porphyry deposits (Cioacǎ et al, 2014;Zarasvandi et al, 2018). Pyrite samples analyzed by LA-ICP-MS from the Jinchang porphyry deposit, China, have Ni and As concentrations similar to those of Muratdere pyrite samples, but with slightly more Co (mean 949 ppm) and an order of magnitude less Se present (mean 2 ppm) (Zhang et al, 2016).…”

Section: Trace Elements In Pyritementioning

confidence: 93%

“…V-CDT = Vienna-Canyon Diablo Troilite. Reich et al, 2013;Cioacǎ et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2016;Sykora et al, 2018;Zarasvandi et al, 2018). A) Au against As in global porphyry pyrite samples (where both are above detection limit).…”

Section: Trace Elements In Molybdenitementioning

confidence: 99%

Rhenium Enrichment in the Muratdere Cu-Mo (Au-Re) Porphyry Deposit, Turkey: Evidence from Stable Isotope Analyses (δ34S, δ18O, δD) and Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Sulfides

et al. 2019

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The Muratdere Cu-Mo (Au) porphyry deposit in western Turkey contains elevated levels of rhenium and is hosted within granodioritic intrusions into an ophiolitic mélange sequence in the Anatolian belt. The deposit contains several stages of mineralization: early microfracture-hosted molybdenite and chalcopyrite, followed by a quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite vein set associated with Cu-Au grade, a quartz-chalcopyrite-pyrite-molybdenite vein set associated with Cu-Mo-Re grade, and a later polymetallic quartz-barite-sphalerite-galena-pyrite vein set. The rhenium in Muratdere is hosted within two generations of molybdenite: early microfracture-hosted molybdenite and later vein-hosted molybdenite. In situ laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analysis of sulfides shows that the later molybdenite has significantly higher concentrations of Re (average 1,124 ppm, σ = 730 ppm, n = 43) than the early microfracture-hosted molybdenite (average 566 ppm, σ = 423 ppm, n = 28). Pyrite crystals associated with the Re-rich molybdenite have higher Co and As concentrations than those in other vein sets, with Au associated with As. The microfracture-hosted sulfides have δ34S values between −2.2‰ and +4.6‰, consistent with a magmatic source. The vein-hosted sulfides associated with the high-Re molybdenite have a δ34S signature of 5.6‰ to 8.8‰, similar to values found in peridotite lenses in the Anatolian belt. The later enrichment in Re and δ34S-enriched S may be sourced from the surrounding ophiolitic country rock or may be the result of changing redox conditions during deposit formation.

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Ore‐forming process within the Hongyuan reduced porphyry Mo–Cu deposit, West Junggar, NW China

Hong

Zhang

et al. 2023

Geological Journal

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The Hongyuan porphyry Mo–Cu deposit (PMCD) is a rare example of a “reduced” deposit, in contrast to classical oxidized porphyry Cu or Mo–Cu deposits. It is characterized by an ilmenite–series I–type felsic granitoid intrusion, reduced ore‐forming fluids with methane‐rich fluid inclusions, and widely distributed primary pyrrhotite. Mo–Cu mineralization in the Hongyuan PMCD occurs as disseminated in porphyry, granular in miarolitic cavity, and vein‐type in the quartz vein. These three types of mineralization are generally produced in the late magmatic period, magmatic‐hydrothermal transition period, and hydrothermal period, respectively. Molybdenite from miarolitic cavities shows a greater contribution from mantle fluid, as evidenced by mantle He proportions of 37.6%–16.8%. Molybdenite in quartz veins has relatively lower mantle He proportions of 1.63%–10.5%, indicating a predominantly crustal fluid source. The 3He/4He variations of these two groups of molybdenite illustrate an increasing input of crustal fluid during the magmatic to hydrothermal transition. Molybdenite samples from miarolitic cavities and quartz veins yield a Re‐Os model age of 300.5 ± 3.7 Ma, which is consistent with the U–Pb ages of zircons in the wallrock porphyries (300–302 Ma). This further indicates simultaneous diagenesis accompanied by mineralization. The Sr–Nd isotopic compositions (initial 87Sr/86Sr: 0.703404–0.703552; initial 143Nd/144Nd: 0.512585–0.512655; εNd[t]: +6.56 to +7.90) and young T2DM model ages (421–531 Ma) of the Hongyuan porphyries suggest that these rocks were derived from partial melting of the basaltic lower crust. We propose that mantle‐derived fluids rose up and mixed with fluids from the lower crust under an extensional tectonic setting, forming mantle‐like Sr–Nd–He–Ar isotopic compositions. The pre‐mineralization stage of the Hongyuan reduced PMCD is marked by quartz‐molybdenite ± K‐feldspar ± pyrite veins or veinlets and miarolitic cavities in the intensively potassic alteration zone. These veins formed at high temperatures (400–476°C) and high salinities (47.5–56.6 wt.%). The syn‐mineralization stage is the main metallogenic stage represented by numerous quartz‐molybdenite ± pyrrhotite veins associated with moderate to high temperatures (248°C–424°C) and low to high salinities (1.57–50.1 wt.%). The post‐mineralization stage is characterized by low temperatures (104–270°C) and low salinities (0.35–8.81 wt.%). Fluid immiscibility, mixing with meteoric water, ore fluid‐wall rock interactions, and decreasing temperature and salinity have played important roles during molybdenum mineralization.

show abstract

Metal endowment reflected in chemical composition of silicates and sulfides of mineralized porphyry copper systems, Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc, Iran

Cited by 30 publications

References 80 publications

Titanium‐in‐biotite thermometry in porphyry copper systems: Challenges to application of the thermometer

Titanium‐in‐biotite thermometry in porphyry copper systems: Challenges to application of the thermometer

Rhenium Enrichment in the Muratdere Cu-Mo (Au-Re) Porphyry Deposit, Turkey: Evidence from Stable Isotope Analyses (δ34S, δ18O, δD) and Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Sulfides

Ore‐forming process within the Hongyuan reduced porphyry Mo–Cu deposit, West Junggar, NW China

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