Metal-Doped TiO2 Thin Film as an Electron Transfer Layer for Perovskite Solar Cells: A Review

Halin, Dewi Suriyani Che; Azhari, Ayu Wazira; Salleh, Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd; Nadzri, Nur Izzati Muhammad; Vizureanu, Petrică; Abdullah, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri; Wahab, Juyana A.; Sandu, Andrei Victor

doi:10.3390/coatings13010004

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…On the other hand, several reports state that the pristine TiO 2 contains numerous trap states (caused by oxygen vacancies), which decrease its carrier mobility and conductivity. , Moreover, the higher defect density on the surface of the TiO 2 lowers the charge carrier separation at the interface of the perovskite and ETL . Varying the calcination temperature of the material is the commonly used approach for suppressing oxygen vacancies. , However, incorporating metal impurities into the lattice of TiO 2 not only passivates these trap states but also enhances the conductivity of TiO 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalyzing the Affordability of Perovskite Solar Cells with Aluminum-Modified Cubic Titania

Kunka Ravindran,

Narendhiran,

Nambiraj

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Opt. Mater.

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As a key component of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the electron transport layer (ETL) extracts charges efficiently. While TiO 2 is widely recognized as a superior electron transport material (ETM) for its numerous advantages, the morphological limitations of spherical TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) lead to significant electron losses. Therefore, as an alternative to nanospheres, TiO 2 nanocubes are synthesized through a solvothermal route and employed as ETM in the low-cost carbon electrode-based perovskite solar cells (CPSCs). The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the TiO 2 nanocubes (NCs) are studied and compared with TiO 2 nanospheres (NSs) in detail. The device possessing cubic TiO 2 achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.6% with a current density (J sc ) of 21.79 mA/cm 2 . Recognizing that the oxygen vacancies in cubic TiO 2 are lower than in spherical TiO 2 , it is inferred that further reduction of oxygen vacancies in cubic TiO 2 could enhance the current collection. Hence, to get rid of the oxygen vacancy (which acts as an electron trap) in the cubical TiO 2 , aluminum (Al 3+ ) is incorporated into its matrix. A comprehensive analysis of its impact on structural and optical behavior follows. In addition to its cost-effectiveness and conductive nature, it has been observed that the stable form of Al 3+ replaces the unstable Ti 3+ (which acts as a trap state), thereby reducing the recombination rate. With the highest current collection of 22.85 mA/cm 2 , a PCE of 11.3% has been recorded for the solar cell that possessed 1% Al-doped TNC. Furthermore, the ambient stability of the respective device shows ∼85% of its initial PCE. The effect of the TiO 2 nanostructure and Al 3+ doping in TiO 2 nanocubes is discussed elaborately in this work.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalyzing the Affordability of Perovskite Solar Cells with Aluminum-Modified Cubic Titania

Kunka Ravindran,

Narendhiran,

Nambiraj

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Opt. Mater.

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“…An electron transport layer must comply with some requirements: (1) well-matched energy alignment to trigger electron transfer while blocking holes; (2) high transparency to allow efficient light harvesting; and (3) excellent electron mobility to minimize charge accumulation [20][21][22][23][24]. TiO 2 offers high performance as an ETL in PSCs due to its alignment of the TiO 2 conduction band with the perovskite layer [25][26][27]; furthermore, the percentage of transparency of TiO 2 is greater than 85% in practically all spectral windows [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the literature, the geometry of ETL plays an important role in PSCs to maximize device performance. The implementation of TiO 2 nanocolumns as an ETL presents great advantages compared to flat and mesoporous layers when constructing a PSC [ 27 , 33 , 34 , 35 ], as it provides greater stability and efficiency by means of some advantages: (i) an enhanced contact zone between perovskite and ETL, and increased exciton generation; (ii) the 1D morphology offers a directive path for electron transport to the TCO substrate and minimizes resistance to charge transport; and (iii) larger nanorods improve the light scattering and absorption properties of PSCs [ 45 ]. It has been found that the presence of semiconductor metal oxides is not unique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth of Nanocolumnar TiO2 Bilayer by Direct Current Reactive Magnetron Sputtering in Glancing-Angle Deposition Configuration for High-Quality Electron Transport Layer

Rosales Medina,

Avelar Muñoz,

Flores Sigala

et al. 2023

Micromachines

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The electron transport layer (ETL) plays a crucial role in solar cell technology, particularly in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), where nanostructured TiO2 films have been investigated as superior ETLs compared to compact TiO2. In this study, we explored the nanocolumnar growth of TiO2 in the anatase phase for bilayer thin films by DC reactive magnetron sputtering (MS) technique and glancing-angle deposition (GLAD). For the growth of the compact TiO2 layer, it was found that the crystalline quality of the films is strongly dependent on the sputtering power, and the samples deposited at 120 and 140 W are those with the best crystalline quality. However, for the nanocolumnar layer, the reactive atmosphere composition determined the best crystalline properties. By optimizing the growth parameters, the formation of TiO2 nanocolumns with a cross-sectional diameter ranging from 50 to 75 nm was achieved. The average thickness of the films exceeded 12.71 ± 0.5 µm. All nanostructured films were grown at a constant GLAD angle of 70°, and after deposition, the measured inclination angle of the nanocolumns is very close to this, having values between 68 and 80°. Furthermore, a correlation was observed between the quality of the initial layer and the enhanced growth of the TiO2 nanocolumns. All bilayer films are highly transparent, allowing light to pass through up to 90%, and present a band gap with values between 3.7 and 3.8 eV. This article offers the experimental parameters for the fabrication of a nanocolumnar TiO2 using the magnetron sputtering technique and the glancing-angle deposition configuration.

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“…Therefore, the ETL layer plays a very important role in the efficiency and stability of the PSC [5]. The material commonly used as ETL is titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) due to its excellent properties, including a simple synthesis process, better hole-blocking properties, high optical transparency, and high thermal stability [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The hydrothermal synthesis of SNO2 nanoparticles derived from tin chloride precursor for the electron transport layer of perovskite solar cells

Yuwono,

Septiningrum,

Nagaria

et al. 2023

Eureka: PE

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Tin oxide (SnO2) semiconductor is recognized as a highly promising material for the electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells (PSC) due to their wide band gap energy and high electron mobility. This material has been considered as the potential alternative material for substituting the conventional titanium dioxide (TiO2). In the form of nanostructure material, it is expected that SnO2 as the ETL in PSC device can be significantly improved owing to its high surface area leading to more intensive photon absorption. In this present study, SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized via the hydrothermal method with temperature variations ranging from 120 °C to 160 °C for 16 hours. The as-synthesized samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and an ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. The SnO2 nanoparticles were then integrated into the PSC device as the ETL, and the performance testing was conducted using a semiconductor parameter analyzer to obtain the I-V curve. On the basis of investigation results, it has been found that the temperature used during the hydrothermal process plays a crucial role in determining the crystallinity, morphology, and band gap energy of the SnO2 nanoparticles. The results of the PSC performance test indicate that SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized at a hydrothermal temperature of 150 °C demonstrated the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.89 %. This outcome confirms the viability of SnO2 nanoparticles produced through the hydrothermal method

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Metal-Doped TiO2 Thin Film as an Electron Transfer Layer for Perovskite Solar Cells: A Review

Cited by 11 publications

References 96 publications

Catalyzing the Affordability of Perovskite Solar Cells with Aluminum-Modified Cubic Titania

Catalyzing the Affordability of Perovskite Solar Cells with Aluminum-Modified Cubic Titania

Growth of Nanocolumnar TiO2 Bilayer by Direct Current Reactive Magnetron Sputtering in Glancing-Angle Deposition Configuration for High-Quality Electron Transport Layer

The hydrothermal synthesis of SNO2 nanoparticles derived from tin chloride precursor for the electron transport layer of perovskite solar cells

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