Metal content and P-T evolution of CO2-bearing ore-forming fluids of the Haftcheshmeh Cu-Mo porphyry deposit, NW Iran

Are Vapor-Like Fluids Viable Ore Fluids for Cu-Au-Mo Porphyry Ore Formation?

“…The S (SO2 and H2S), Cl (HCl) and C (CO2) contents of volcanic gases range widely, from 0.002 -26 wt.%, 0.002 -16 wt.% and 0.02 -55 wt.%, respectively (Gemmell, 1987;Symonds et al, 1987;1990;Giggenbach and Matsuo, 1991;Symonds et al, 1992;Hedenquist et al, 1994;Symonds et al, 1994;Taran et al, 1995;Giggenbach, 1996;Symonds et al, 1996;Taran et al, 2000;2001;Scher et al, 2013;Zelenski et al, 2014;Taran and Zelenski, 2015 and references therein;Nadeau et al, 2016). The ranges in the concentrations of these components reported for vapor-like and intermediate-density fluid inclusions from porphyry deposits are similar, namely 0.1 -1.3 wt.% S, 1.0 -8.9 wt.% Cl and 1.1 -13 wt.% C Audétat et al, 2000;Ulrich et al, 2002;Tarkian et al, 2003;Redmond et al, 2004;Rusk et al, 2004;Klemm et al, 2007;Rusk et al, 2008;Zajacz et al, 2008;Seo et al, 2009;Audétat, 2010;Landtwing et al, 2010;Seo et al, 2012;Lerchbaumer and Audétat, 2013;Seo and Heinrich, 2013;Audétat, 2019;Zaheri-Abdehvand et al, 2020). Major element compositions considered in the simulations range from 0.0002 -10 wt.% S and 0.01 -1 wt.% Cl, the C content was held constant at 2 wt.%, which is the median value for high T vapor-like and intermediatedensity porphyry fluids see Table 3 (see Electronic Appendix B).…”

“…In porphyry ore deposits, Ca occurs as anhydrite, plagioclase, and apatite, Ti as rutile/anatase, titanite, or as a trace component in biotite and quartz, and Fe occurs as magnetite, hematite, biotite, and various Fe and Fe-Cu sulfides. These minerals are abundant in porphyry deposits as documented by numerous petrographic studies (Lowell and Guilbert, 1970;Sillitoe, 1973Sillitoe, , 2010Gustafson and Hunt, 1975;Hedenquist et al, 1998;Rusk and Reed, 2002;Redmond et al, 2004;Landtwing et al, 2005Landtwing et al, , 2010Rusk et al, 2008;Redmond and Einaudi, 2010;Richards, 2014;Zaheri-Abdehvand et al, 2020).…”

“…Some ; Audésistently 30 ppm) te-anhy-hydrothermal liquid-like fluids; however, with the exception of Zhang et al (2012), these studies attributed Mo transport to molybdate or molybdenum oxychloride (Wood et al, 1987;Kudrin, 1989) or HNaMoO4 species (Shang et al, 2020) Taran and Zelenski, 2015, and references therein; Nadeau et al, 2016). The ranges in the concentrations of these components reported for vapor-like and intermediate-density fluid inclusions from porphyry deposits are similar, namely 0.1 to 1.3 wt % S, 1.0 to 8.9 wt % Cl, and 1.1 to 13 wt % C (Ulrich et al, 1999(Ulrich et al, , 2002Audétat et al, 2000a, b;Tarkian et al, 2003;Redmond et al, 2004;Rusk et al, 2004Rusk et al, , 2008Klemm et al, 2007Klemm et al, , 2008Zajacz et al, 2008;Seo et al, 2009Seo et al, , 2012Audétat, 2010Audétat, , 2019Landtwing et al, 2010;Lerchbaumer and Audétat, 2013;Seo and Heinrich, 2013;Zaheri-Abdehvand et al, 2020). The contents of S and Cl considered in the simulations range from 0.0002 to 10 wt % and 0.01 to 1 wt %, respectively; the C content was held constant at 2 wt %, which is the median value for high-T vapor-like and intermediate-density porphyry fluids (see Table 3; see App.…”