Metal-catalyzed crystallization of amorphous carbon to graphene

Zheng, Maxwell; Takei, Kuniharu; Hsia, Benjamin; Fang, Hui; Zhang, Xiaobo; Ferralis, Nicola; Ko, Hyunhyub; Chueh, Yu‐Lun; Zhang, Yuegang; Maboudian, Roya; Javey, Ali

doi:10.1063/1.3318263

Cited by 251 publications

(222 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…It was hoped that this approach would provide films of quality comparable to those achieved by CVD but with better control over film thickness ͑since the carbon supply is fixed and finite͒. Our own results and those of Zheng et al 7 indicate that continuous films of few-layer graphene may be produced with this approach under certain optimized conditions. The present work focuses on the kinetics and mechanism of multilayer graphene formation in a-C/Ni bilayer structures comprising a top layer of Ni over bottom layer of a-C disposed on a thermally oxidized Si substrate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 69%

In situ x-ray diffraction study of graphitic carbon formed during heating and cooling of amorphous-C/Ni bilayers

Saenger¹,

Tsang²,

Bol³

et al. 2010

Applied Physics Letters

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We examine graphitization of amorphous carbon (a-C) in a-C/Ni bilayer samples having the structure Si/SiO2/a-C(3–30 nm)/Ni(100 nm). In situ x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements during heating in He at 3 °C/s to 1000 °C showed graphitic C formation beginning at temperatures T of 640–730 °C, suggesting graphitization by direct metal-induced crystallization, rather than by a dissolution/precipitation mechanism in which C is dissolved during heating and expelled from solution upon cooling. We also find that graphitic C, once formed, can be reversibly dissolved by heating to T>950 °C, and that nongraphitic C can be volatilized by annealing in H2-containing ambients.

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mentioning

confidence: 69%

In situ x-ray diffraction study of graphitic carbon formed during heating and cooling of amorphous-C/Ni bilayers

Saenger¹,

Tsang²,

Bol³

et al. 2010

Applied Physics Letters

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“…According to dissolve precipitate mechanism, it was proposed that a-C diffused into the metal particle at elevated temperatures followed by their precipitation as graphene on the free surface during the cool-down step as the solid solubility limit is reached (Schneider 2011). Given a small metallic particle and a long annealing time, the active carbon species migrate to the top surface and nucleate there (Zheng et al 2010). As shown in Fig.…”

Section: Proposed Mechanisms Involved In Formation Of Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of Biobased Graphene from Kraft Lignin

2017

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Graphene was manufactured from commercial kraft lignin, and its forming mechanism, structure, and properties were investigated. A single factor test was employed to determine the optimum conditions of the production of graphene nanosheets. Kraft lignin was mixed with iron powders as catalyst with different weight ratios. The mixed carbon source and catalyst were thermally treated at 1000 °C and incubated for a period of time in a tubular furnace. The thermally treated carbon materials were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The preferable conditions for production of graphene nanosheets from kraft lignin were determined. The graphene fold structure was obtained after thermally treating for 90 min when the ratio of carbon source to iron was 3:1. The results revealed that folded lamellar graphene structure increased with greater holding time. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were observed after thermal treatment for 105 min. These results indicate the formation of graphite crystal structure and multi-layered graphene from kraft lignin in the presence of iron catalyst.

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“…High-quality graphene with a large area can be prepared on substrates of a catalytic transition metal -such as Ni or Cu -by thermal chemical vapour deposition (CVD) [7], [8]. Good quality graphene and direct control of the number of layers are achieved using the methods of the dosed deposition of amorphous carbon under the layer of Ni catalyst on Si/SiO 2 substrate [9], ion implantation of carbon clusters in the Ni catalyst layer [10], and pulsed laser carbon deposition [11]. Graphene can also be obtained using Ni powder as a catalyst in the thermal decomposition of SiC powder [12] and by pyrolysis of poly(methyl methacrylate) on particles of Ni powder [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Graphenic Carbon Materials on Nickel Particles with Controlled Quantity of Carbon

Grehov

Kalnacs

Mishnev

et al. 2016

Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences

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A cheap, comparatively simple and effective method is proposed for the large quantity production of the sheets of graphenic carbon materials (GCM) by annealing the mixture of nickel powder with a suitable carbon amount at the temperatures close to 1000 ºC. The number of graphene layers in the sheets of GCM may be varied by altering the amount of carbon in the mixture and parameters of annealing and drying of the obtained products. Samples of GCM were prepared in the form of heat-dried GCM paper and in the form of graphene sponge with freeze-drying. The appearance of GCM on the surface of Ni particles was identified using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at a low accelerating voltage of 5 kV. The thickness and properties of the layers were investigated by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The fabrication processes were carried out at the concentrations of added carbon from 0 to 1 at%. The results obtained are fully consistent with the well-known solid phase reactions of carbon dissolution in Ni at 1000 °C and graphene or graphite precipitation on the surface with cooling down to the room temperatures.

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Metal-catalyzed crystallization of amorphous carbon to graphene

Cited by 251 publications

References 18 publications

In situ x-ray diffraction study of graphitic carbon formed during heating and cooling of amorphous-C/Ni bilayers

In situ x-ray diffraction study of graphitic carbon formed during heating and cooling of amorphous-C/Ni bilayers

Preparation and Characterization of Biobased Graphene from Kraft Lignin

Synthesis of Graphenic Carbon Materials on Nickel Particles with Controlled Quantity of Carbon

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