Metal capture by sorbents in combustion processes

Scotto, Mark V.; Uberoi, M.; Peterson, T.W.; Shadman, Farhang; Wendt, Jost O.L.

doi:10.1016/0378-3820(94)90192-9

Cited by 94 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…64,66,77,153 Sorbents may encounter mass-transfer limitations due to outer-surface reactions producing a metal sorbent complex that blocks the inner pore volume. 139 This has been observed for lead-kaolinite reactions by Scotto et al 66,147 They also reported limitations of sorbent capture of lead in chlorine environments. Gullet and Rangunathan 25 also concluded that the effectiveness of the sorbent applications for metals control should not only be demonstrated by chemical reactivity but also by the suppression of the formation of finer particles.…”

Section: Sorbent Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…25,64,66,[138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149] Shadman and et al 139,[150][151][152] have demonstrated the effectiveness of sorbents (alumina, bauxite, emathlite, kaolinite, silica, limestone) for the capture of lead, cadmium, and other alkali metal vapors. Wu et al 181 extended their earlier studies to the development of a multifunctional sorbent for capture of sulfur dioxide, alkali metals, and lead.…”

Section: Sorbent Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lead chloride was the dominant species, which was reported to be not as reactive with the sorbent material as lead oxide. Scotto et al 147 also conducted experiments using a bench-scale thermogravimeteric reactor and a pilot-scale combustor. In the bench-scale study, both kaolinite and bauxite beds were shown to be effective for lead chloride removal at 800 °C, while only bauxite was effective for cadmium chloride removal.…”

Section: Sorbent Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control of Toxic Metal Emissions from Combustors Using Sorbents: A Review

Biswas

1998

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

171

123

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This paper constitutes a review of the control of toxic metal emissions using sorbents. The objective of sorbent-injection methods is to effectively capture the metal species (preferably transform it to an environmentally benign form) and to suppress the fraction in the submicrometer mode. The design of an effective sorbent-injection methodology thus requires an understanding of the fate of the metallic species and its transformation pathways (transfer to the gas phase, subsequent chemistry at high temperatures, and aerosol formation and growth dynamics) in the combustor. Several different sorbent methodologies used for metals capture are discussed, and a mechanistic description is provided. The need for further experimentation and pilot scale testing is also emphasized.

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Section: Sorbent Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Sorbent Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sorbent Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Control of Toxic Metal Emissions from Combustors Using Sorbents: A Review

Biswas

1998

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

171

123

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“…In recent years, various studies (Linak et al 2003;Mahuli et al 1997;Scotto et al 1994;Uberoi and Shadman 1991) have been conducted using mineral sorbents to capture toxic metals. Figure 1 illustrates the formation mechanism of submicron-sized vanadium particles, as well as the sorbent injection technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus the metal-sorbent particles can be easily collected using traditional particulate control devices. Prior studies (Scotto et al 1994;Uberoi and Shadman 1991;Linak et al 1995) used silica, alumina and various naturally available materials (i.e., bauxite, kaolinite, and lime) to capture lead, nickel, and cadmium. Venkatesh et al (1996) evaluated various mineral sorbents constituting a spectrum of alumino-silicate compounds and a pulgite clay for immobilization of several trace metallic species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mechanistic Study of Vanadium-Sorbent Surface Interaction at High Temperature

Lee

Andino

2007

Aerosol Science and Technology

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A mechanistic study of vanadium-sorbent interaction at high temperature was conducted to investigate the underlying mechanisms of sorbent injection for controlling vanadium emissions from combustion systems. Both calcium-and silica-based sorbents successfully reduced the formation of vanadium submicron particles. The capture of vanadium was found to correlate well with sorbent surface area, demonstrating that the dominant mechanism was condensation. Bimodal lognormal modeling based on the experimental conditions verified that condensation on injected sorbents was a very effective means of scavenging vanadium vapor. However, if vanadium vapor quickly nucleated (e.g., through gas phase hydrolysis in the studied system) to form a large number of ultrafine particles, their much larger specific surface area overshadowed that of the sorbent particles and scavenged the rest of the vanadium vapor. Using the residence times employed in this study, intra-coagulation of and condensation onto these ultrafine vanadium particles was not an effective means of growing the particles to the supermicrometer range. Such a scenario decreased the effectiveness of the sorbent technique. Consequently, enhancing direct vanadium condensation onto sorbent particles and suppressing vanadium nucleation is critical to successful reduction of vanadium emissions from combustion sources.

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Condensation‐Controlled Toposelective Vapor Deposition in Nano‐ and Microcavities: Theory, Methods, Applications, and Related Technologies

Lovikka¹

2022

Adv Materials Inter

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fabricable while we are facing increasing complexity in, for example, microelectronics. [6,7] For these reasons, challenges such as bad pattern alignment, [8,9] or pinch-off of pores and void formation [10][11][12][13] in top-down fabrication need to be addressed. On the other hand, a continuous film causes tradeoffs in desirable properties in many nanotechnological applications, such as losing mesoporosity while increasing the mechanical properties of an aerogel [14] or reducing catalytic activity while increasing catalyst stability against sintering. [15] To counter these problems, even atomic layer deposition (ALD), a method known for its superior conformality, has been expanded into area-selective fabrication by the addition of etching and functionalization steps in the workflow. [16][17][18][19] However, additional steps make the workflow increasingly slow, complex, and dependent on surface chemistries. There is also a growing interest in area-selectivity based on properties of precursors and substrates in ALD, [20] but new requirements on precursors would narrow down potential reagents. Furthermore, even conformal methods would leave voids inside ink-bottle-shaped pores and under composite undercuts [21] because conformal methods would clog the pore mouths before filling the internal parts. These problems have very recently revoked calls for profound changes and even a paradigm shift toward selective functionalization in the nanoscale. [18,20,[22][23][24][25] Special attention should be paid to inherently non-conformal methods, especially if they are surface-selective towards cavities. This includes both surface-selective subconformal coatings, those that coat only extremities and protrusions of a substrate, and surface-selective superconformal coatings, those that fill or coat cavities.Bottom-up approaches could eliminate the aforementioned problems while reducing the needed steps for surface-selective treatments-instead of breaking or carving things smaller and using miniaturized techniques (top-down), coatings could be grown self-aligning (bottom-up). One bottom-up category is surface-shape-selective deposition. Currently, this category has limited approaches, which are often based on either anisotropic processes such as directional plasma etching [26] or reagent flux, force fields, [27] competitive adsorption, [28] or reagents and additives with specific properties. [22] Truly bottom-up gap-filling technologies, especially those free of line-of-sight limitations, Nanotechnology drives technological progress in many frontiers, from electronics to medicine, from tougher composites to adaptive surfaces. As the feature sizes are made smaller, the importance of surfaces is increased. Many of the most powerful methods for surface manipulation are variants of vapor deposition (VD). However, VD is typically not surface-selective and, therefore, extra work steps are needed to integrate the methods into nanofabrication routines. Furthermore, many fields are moving toward 3D nanostructures, which unavoidably means...

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Metal capture by sorbents in combustion processes

Cited by 94 publications

References 6 publications

Control of Toxic Metal Emissions from Combustors Using Sorbents: A Review

Control of Toxic Metal Emissions from Combustors Using Sorbents: A Review

A Mechanistic Study of Vanadium-Sorbent Surface Interaction at High Temperature

Condensation‐Controlled Toposelective Vapor Deposition in Nano‐ and Microcavities: Theory, Methods, Applications, and Related Technologies

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