Metal-Based Photoinitiators

Cunningham, Allan F.; Desobry, V.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1876-7_6

Cited by 39 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…Other chemical structures that can initiate CP are e.g., the diazonium salts (e.g., in Ar 2 N + BF 4 − , a BF 3 Lewis acid is generated) [ 87 , 88 ]. Various organometallic derivatives (transition, non-transition and inorganic transition complexes) have also been proposed in the past [ 89 ] or recently revisited (see e.g., [ 70 ]); among them, the ferrocenium salt series (e.g., the (η 6 -cumene) (η 5 -cyclopentadienyl) iron (II) representative) ensure a blue light absorption: it works according to a ligand transfer reaction that expels the arene moiety, which is replaced by three epoxides, the initiating carbocation being obtained through a thermal cleavage of the epoxy C-O single bond (then, the polymerization proceeds outward through the coordination sphere of the iron atom). Non-ionic photoacid generators are also used (see e.g., in [ 90 ]).…”

Section: Backgrounds: Photoinitiation Of Cationic Ropmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments of Versatile Photoinitiating Systems for Cationic Ring Opening Polymerization Operating at Any Wavelengths and under Low Light Intensity Sources

2015

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Photoinitiators (PI) or photoinitiating systems (PIS) usable in light induced cationic polymerization (CP) and free radical promoted cationic polymerization (FRPCP) reactions (more specifically for cationic ring opening polymerization (ROP)) together with the involved mechanisms are briefly reviewed. The recent developments of novel two- and three-component PISs for CP and FRPCP upon exposure to low intensity blue to red lights is emphasized in details. Examples of such reactions under various experimental conditions are provided.

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Section: Backgrounds: Photoinitiation Of Cationic Ropmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments of Versatile Photoinitiating Systems for Cationic Ring Opening Polymerization Operating at Any Wavelengths and under Low Light Intensity Sources

2015

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“…PIs are usually organic molecules that are consumed during the light exposure [15–40]. The use of organometallic compounds as PIs was reported many years ago (see a review in [41]) and reintroduced in some recent papers dealing with, e.g., Cr, Ti, Fe, Rh, W, Pt, Ru, Ir, Zn, Zr-based derivatives [42–44]. On this occasion, it appeared that a photoredox catalysis behavior (allowing a PI regeneration while keeping a high reactivity/efficiency) can be introduced through a suitable selection of the PIs and PISs [45–55].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal and metal-free photocatalysts: mechanistic approach and application as photoinitiators of photopolymerization

Lalevée¹,

Telitel²,

Xiao³

et al. 2014

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.

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SummaryIn the present paper, the photoredox catalysis is presented as a unique approach in the field of photoinitiators of polymerization. The principal photocatalysts already reported as well as the typical oxidation and reduction agents used in both reductive or oxidative cycles are gathered. The chemical mechanisms associated with various systems are also given. As compared to classical iridium-based photocatalysts which are mainly active upon blue light irradiation, a new photocatalyst Ir(piq)2(tmd) (also known as bis(1-phenylisoquinolinato-N,C 2’)iridium(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) is also proposed as an example of green light photocatalyst (toward the long wavelength irradiation). The chemical mechanisms associated with Ir(piq)2(tmd) are investigated by ESR spin-trapping, laser flash photolysis, steady state photolysis, cyclic voltammetry and luminescence experiments.

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“…The elaboration of polymers by photochemical means, such as free radical photopolymerization (FRP) and cationic photopolymerization (CP), have been mainly based on the use of metal-free organic dyes and photoinitiators at the industrial and academic levels [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ], and these synthetic processes (FRP and CP) are widely used in different fields, e.g., dentistry [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], adhesives [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ], coatings [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ], composites [ 34 ], medicine [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ], direct laser write, 3D and 4D printing [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ], etc. On the other hand, organometallic compounds are not really used in industry; in other words, manufac...…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Copper Complexes as Visible Light Photoinitiators for the Synthesis of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs)

et al. 2022

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This work is devoted to the study of two copper complexes (Cu) bearing pyridine ligands, which were synthesized, evaluated and tested as new visible light photoinitiators for the free radical photopolymerization (FRP) of acrylates functional groups in thick and thin samples upon light-emitting diodes (LED) at 405 and 455 nm irradiation. These latter wavelengths are considered to be safe to produce polymer materials. The photoinitiation abilities of these organometallic compounds were evaluated in combination with an iodonium (Iod) salt and/or amine (e.g., N-phenylglycine—NPG). Interestingly, high final conversions and high polymerization rates were obtained for both compounds using two and three-component photoinitiating systems (Cu1 (or Cu2)/Iodonium salt (Iod) (0.1%/1% w/w) and Cu1 (or Cu2)/Iod/amine (0.1%/1%/1% w/w/w)). The new proposed copper complexes were also used for direct laser write experiments involving a laser diode at 405 nm, and for the photocomposite synthesis with glass fibers using a UV-conveyor at 395 nm. To explain the obtained polymerization results, different methods and characterization techniques were used: steady-state photolysis, real-time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (RT-FTIR), emission spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.

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Metal-Based Photoinitiators

Cited by 39 publications

References 176 publications

Recent Developments of Versatile Photoinitiating Systems for Cationic Ring Opening Polymerization Operating at Any Wavelengths and under Low Light Intensity Sources

Recent Developments of Versatile Photoinitiating Systems for Cationic Ring Opening Polymerization Operating at Any Wavelengths and under Low Light Intensity Sources

Metal and metal-free photocatalysts: mechanistic approach and application as photoinitiators of photopolymerization

Novel Copper Complexes as Visible Light Photoinitiators for the Synthesis of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs)

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