“…Microorganisms, including many kinds of prokaryotes (archea and bacteria), fungi and their symbiotic associations, play an important role in the dissolution of silicates and, therefore, in the genesis of clay minerals, and in soil and sediment formation [25,69,70,75,[96][97][98][99][100][101]. The processes of biogeochemical transformation of metals and minerals, contributing to the cycling of elements on Earth, are based on two main reactions: dissolution and precipitation [24,26,[102][103][104]. Geoactive microbes are involved in both metal mobilization and immobilization: they can dissolve minerals, including clay minerals, releasing mobile metal species and associated elements into the environment, and immobilize metals by biosorption, transport, intracellular localization and accumulation by living microorganisms, redox immobilization, precipitation and biomineralization, resulting in the formation of secondary biogenic minerals (Figure 1).…”